XB-ART-54343
Front Neural Circuits
2017 Nov 23;11:90. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00090.
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Xenopus laevis as a Model Organism for the Study of Spinal Cord Formation, Development, Function and Regeneration.
Borodinsky LN
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The spinal cord is the first central nervous system structure to develop during vertebrate embryogenesis, underscoring its importance to the organism. Because of its early formation, accessibility to the developing spinal cord in amniotes is challenging, often invasive and the experimental approaches amenable to model systems like mammals are limited. In contrast, amphibians, in general and the African-clawed frog Xenopus laevis, in particular, offer model systems in which the formation of the spinal cord, the differentiation of spinal neurons and glia and the establishment of spinal neuron and neuromuscular synapses can be easily investigated with minimal perturbations to the whole organism. The significant advances on gene editing and microscopy along with the recent completion of the Xenopus laevis genome sequencing have reinvigorated the use of this classic model species to elucidate the mechanisms of spinal cord formation, development, function and regeneration.
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R01 NS073055 NINDS NIH HHS
Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: bdnf bmp4 chrd fgf4 ncam1 nog
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Figure 1. Examples of approaches and applications for the study of spinal cord development, function and regeneration in Xenopus laevis. The use of Xenopus laevis as a model system spans from the first steps of neural induction and spinal cord formation to the mechanisms of spinal cord regeneration. GCaMP, genetically-encoded Ca2+ sensor; Lifeact, F-actin biosensor; Membrane-FP, Fluorescent protein tethered to the plasma membrane; DN, dominant negative; CA, constitutively active. Drawings of embryos and tadpoles were adapted from Xenbase.org and published previously by Nieuwkoop and Faber (1994); Copyright © 1994, Garland Publishing Inc. |
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