XB-ART-55300
Compr Physiol
2018 Sep 14;84:1513-1536. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c170030.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Colonic Potassium Absorption and Secretion in Health and Disease.
Rajendran VM
,
Sandle GI
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The colon has large capacities for K+ absorption and K+ secretion, but its role in maintaining K+ homeostasis is often overlooked. For many years, passive diffusion and/or solvent drag were thought to be the primary mechanisms for K+ absorption in human and animal colon. However, it is now clear that apical H+ ,K+ -ATPase, in coordination with basolateral K+ -Cl- cotransport and/or K+ and Cl- channels operating in parallel, mediate electroneutral K+ absorption in animal colon. We now know that K+ absorption in rat colon reflects ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive apical H+ ,K+ -ATPase activities. Ouabain-insensitive and ouabain-sensitive H+ ,K+ -ATPases are localized in surface and crypt cells, respectively. Colonic H+ ,K+ -ATPase consists of α- (HKCα ) and β- (HKCβ ) subunits which, when coexpressed, exhibit ouabain-insensitive H+ ,K+ -ATPase activity in HEK293 cells, while HKCα coexpressed with the gastric β-subunit exhibits ouabain-sensitive H+ ,K+ -ATPase activity in Xenopus oocytes. Aldosterone enhances apical H+ ,K+ -ATPase activity, HKCα specific mRNA and protein expression, and K+ absorption. Active K+ secretion, on the other hand, is mediated by apical K+ channels operating in a coordinated way with the basolateral Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter. Both Ca2+ -activated intermediate conductance K+ (IK) and large conductance K+ (BK) channels are located in the apical membrane of colonic epithelia. IK channel-mediated K+ efflux provides the driving force for Cl- secretion, while BK channels mediate active (e.g., cAMP-activated) K+ secretion. BK channel expression and activity are increased in patients with end-stage renal disease and ulcerative colitis. This review summarizes the role of apical H+ ,K+ -ATPase in K+ absorption, and apical BK channel function in K+ secretion in health and disease. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1513-1536, 2018.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink??? 30215859
???displayArticle.pmcLink??? PMC9769410
???displayArticle.link??? Compr Physiol
???displayArticle.grants??? [+]
R01 DK104791 NIDDK NIH HHS , Wellcome Trust , Medical Research Council , R01 DK018777 NIDDK NIH HHS , R21 DK112085 NIDDK NIH HHS
Genes referenced: camp
GO keywords: potassium ion transport [+]
References [+] :
ATWELL,
THE ABSORPTION OF WATER, SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM FROM THE ILEUM OF HUMANS SHOWING THE EFFECTS OF REGIONAL ENTERITIS.
1964, Pubmed
ATWELL, THE ABSORPTION OF WATER, SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM FROM THE ILEUM OF HUMANS SHOWING THE EFFECTS OF REGIONAL ENTERITIS. 1964, Pubmed
Abrahamse, Two distinct K(+)-ATPase activities in rabbit distal colon. 1995, Pubmed
Abrahamse, The colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 contains an H+/K(+)-ATPase that contributes to intracellular pH regulation. 1992, Pubmed
Agarwal, Pathophysiology of potassium absorption and secretion by the human intestine. 1994, Pubmed
Al-Hazza, Upregulation of basolateral small conductance potassium channels (KCNQ1/KCNE3) in ulcerative colitis. 2016, Pubmed
Al-Hazza, Potential role of reduced basolateral potassium (IKCa3.1) channel expression in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea in ulcerative colitis. 2012, Pubmed
Almassy, Apical Ca2+-activated potassium channels in mouse parotid acinar cells. 2012, Pubmed
Amasheh, Cytokine-dependent transcriptional down-regulation of epithelial sodium channel in ulcerative colitis. 2004, Pubmed
Archampong, The absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes across the healthy and the diseased human colonic mucosa measured in vitro. 1972, Pubmed
Asano, Functional expression of putative H+-K+-ATPase from guinea pig distal colon. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Barada, Na,K-ATPase in diabetic rat small intestine. Changes at protein and mRNA levels and role of glucagon. 1994, Pubmed
Barmeyer, Cloning and identification of tissue-specific expression of KCNN4 splice variants in rat colon. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Barnaby, Use of a miniature GM counter and a whole body counter in the study of potassium transport by the colon of normal, sodium-depleted and adrenalectomized rats in vivo. 1969, Pubmed
Bastl, Glucocorticoid stimulation of sodium absorption in colon epithelia is mediated by corticosteroid IB receptor. 1984, Pubmed
Bastl, The cellular action of aldosterone in target epithelia. 1992, Pubmed
Behrens, hKCNMB3 and hKCNMB4, cloning and characterization of two members of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel beta subunit family. 2000, Pubmed
Berkefeld, Ca2+-activated K+ channels: from protein complexes to function. 2010, Pubmed
Billich, Effects of sodium concentration and osmolality on water and electrolyte absorption form the intact human colon. 1969, Pubmed
Binder, Potassium/proton exchange in brush-border membrane of rat ileum. 1986, Pubmed
Binder, Physiological and molecular studies of colonic H+,K+-ATPase. 1999, Pubmed
Binder, Demonstration of specific high affinity receptors for aldosterone in cytosol of rat colon. 1986, Pubmed
Blanco, Isozymes of the Na-K-ATPase: heterogeneity in structure, diversity in function. 1998, Pubmed
Bowley, Non-genomic regulation of intermediate conductance potassium channels by aldosterone in human colonic crypt cells. 2003, Pubmed
Breitwieser, Mechanisms of K+ channel regulation. 1996, Pubmed
Brenner, Cloning and functional characterization of novel large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel beta subunits, hKCNMB3 and hKCNMB4. 2000, Pubmed
Burckhardt, Small and maxi K+ channels in the basolateral membrane of isolated crypts from rat distal colon: single-channel and slow whole-cell recordings. 1992, Pubmed
Butler, mSlo, a complex mouse gene encoding "maxi" calcium-activated potassium channels. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Butterfield, Characterization of apical potassium channels induced in rat distal colon during potassium adaptation. 1997, Pubmed
Catalán, ClC-2 in guinea pig colon: mRNA, immunolabeling, and functional evidence for surface epithelium localization. 2002, Pubmed
Catalán, Basolateral ClC-2 chloride channels in surface colon epithelium: regulation by a direct effect of intracellular chloride. 2004, Pubmed
Catalán, Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺ channels in exocrine salivary glands. 2014, Pubmed
Chen, Regulation of Intestinal Glucose Absorption by Ion Channels and Transporters. 2016, Pubmed
Chiu, Dominant-negative regulation of cell surface expression by a pentapeptide motif at the extreme COOH terminus of an Slo1 calcium-activated potassium channel splice variant. 2010, Pubmed
Chow, Functional significance of the beta-subunit for heterodimeric P-type ATPases. 1995, Pubmed
Codina, The alpha-subunit of the colonic H+,K+-ATPase assembles with beta1-Na+,K+-ATPase in kidney and distal colon. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Codina, Functional expression of the colonic H+,K+-ATPase alpha-subunit. Pharmacologic properties and assembly with X+,K+-ATPase beta-subunits. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cougnon, The rat distal colon P-ATPase alpha subunit encodes a ouabain-sensitive H+, K+-ATPase. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cox, Role of the beta1 subunit in large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel gating energetics. Mechanisms of enhanced Ca(2+) sensitivity. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Crowson, Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding the putative distal colon H+,K(+)-ATPase. Similarity of deduced amino acid sequence to gastric H+,K(+)-ATPase and Na+,K(+)-ATPase and mRNA expression in distal colon, kidney, and uterus. 1992, Pubmed
DEITRICK, Effects of immobilization upon various metabolic and physiologic functions of normal men. 1948, Pubmed
DUTHIE, THE ABSORPTION OF WATER, SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM IN THE LARGE INTESTINE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF VILLOUS PAPILLOMAS. 1963, Pubmed
Dames, Interleukin-13 affects the epithelial sodium channel in the intestine by coordinated modulation of STAT6 and p38 MAPK activity. 2015, Pubmed
Davis, Permeability characteristics of human jejunum, ileum, proximal colon and distal colon: results of potential difference measurements and unidirectional fluxes. 1982, Pubmed
Dedek, Colocalization of KCNQ1/KCNE channel subunits in the mouse gastrointestinal tract. 2001, Pubmed
Del Castillo, Apical membrane localization of ouabain-sensitive K(+)-activated ATPase activities in rat distal colon. 1991, Pubmed
Demolombe, Differential expression of KvLQT1 and its regulator IsK in mouse epithelia. 2001, Pubmed
Devor, Modulation of K+ channels by arachidonic acid in T84 cells. II. Activation of a Ca(2+)-independent K+ channel. 1998, Pubmed
Devor, Inhibition of intestinal Cl- secretion by clotrimazole: direct effect on basolateral membrane K+ channels. 1997, Pubmed
Devroede, Conservation of sodium, chloride, and water by the human colon. 1969, Pubmed
Dharmsathaphorn, Mechanism of chloride secretion induced by carbachol in a colonic epithelial cell line. 1986, Pubmed
Diamond, Lithium absorption in tight and leaky segments of intestine. 1983, Pubmed
Dworetzky, Phenotypic alteration of a human BK (hSlo) channel by hSlobeta subunit coexpression: changes in blocker sensitivity, activation/relaxation and inactivation kinetics, and protein kinase A modulation. 1996, Pubmed
Dörge, Cellular site of active K absorption in the guinea-pig distal colonic epithelium. 1998, Pubmed
Edmonds, Kinetics of potassium in colonic mucosa of normal and sodium-depleted rats. 1969, Pubmed
Edmonds, Transport of sodium and secretion of potassium and bicarbonate by the colon of normal and sodium-depleted rats. 1967, Pubmed
Fejes-Tóth, Expression of colonic H-K-ATPase mRNA in cortical collecting duct: regulation by acid/base balance. 1995, Pubmed
Field, Intestinal ion transport and the pathophysiology of diarrhea. 2003, Pubmed
Fisher, Potassium secretion by colonic mucosal cells after potassium adaptation. 1976, Pubmed
Flores, Abolition of Ca2+-mediated intestinal anion secretion and increased stool dehydration in mice lacking the intermediate conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channel Kcnn4. 2007, Pubmed
Fodor, Convergent evolution of alternative splices at domain boundaries of the BK channel. 2009, Pubmed
Foster, Colonic potassium transport. 1984, Pubmed
Foster, Mechanism of active potassium absorption and secretion in the rat colon. 1984, Pubmed
Foster, Role of aldosterone and dietary potassium in potassium adaptation in the distal colon of the rat. 1985, Pubmed
Foster, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate stimulates active potassium secretion in the rat colon. 1983, Pubmed
Foster, Dietary potassium modulates active potassium absorption and secretion in rat distal colon. 1986, Pubmed
Fuller, Mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract: distribution and ontogeny. 1990, Pubmed
Furness, Expression of intermediate conductance potassium channel immunoreactivity in neurons and epithelial cells of the rat gastrointestinal tract. 2003, Pubmed
Geering, Functional roles of Na,K-ATPase subunits. 2008, Pubmed
Grahammer, The small conductance K+ channel, KCNQ1: expression, function, and subunit composition in murine trachea. 2001, Pubmed
Greig, Decreased expression of apical Na+ channels and basolateral Na+, K+-ATPase in ulcerative colitis. 2004, Pubmed
Grishin, ATP1AL1, a member of the non-gastric H,K-ATPase family, functions as a sodium pump. 1998, Pubmed
Grishin, Cloning and characterization of the entire cDNA encoded by ATP1AL1--a member of the human Na,K/H,K-ATPase gene family. 1994, Pubmed
Gustin, Isolation of brush-border membrane from the rabbit descending colon epithelium. Partial characterization of a unique K+-activated ATPase. 1981, Pubmed
Halm, Potassium transport by turtle colon: active secretion and active absorption. 1984, Pubmed
Halm, Active K transport across rabbit distal colon: relation to Na absorption and Cl secretion. 1986, Pubmed
Halm, Aldosterone stimulates K secretion prior to onset of Na absorption in guinea pig distal colon. 1994, Pubmed
Harris, Absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes by the intact human colon in diffuse untreated proctocolitis. 1970, Pubmed
Hawker, Mechanisms of transport of Na, Cl, and K in the human colon. 1978, Pubmed
Hawker, Electrolyte transport across colonic mucosa from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. 1980, Pubmed
Hay-Schmidt, Localization of Ca2+ -activated big-conductance K+ channels in rabbit distal colon. 2003, Pubmed
Hayes, An extravenal mechanism for the maintenance of potassium balance in severe chronic renal failure. 1967, Pubmed
Hayslett, Mechanism of potassium adaptation. 1982, Pubmed
Hayslett, Mechanism of increased potassium secretion in potassium loading and sodium deprivation. 1980, Pubmed
Heitzmann, No potassium, no acid: K+ channels and gastric acid secretion. 2007, Pubmed
Heitzmann, Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia. 2008, Pubmed
Ikuma, Differential regulation of NHE isoforms by sodium depletion in proximal and distal segments of rat colon. 1999, Pubmed
JOHNSON, Aldosterone excretion in normal subjects depleted of sodium and potassium. 1957, Pubmed
Jaisser, Differential regulation of putative K(+)-ATPase by low-K+ diet and corticosteroids in rat distal colon and kidney. 1996, Pubmed
Jaisser, Mechanisms of urinary K+ and H+ excretion: primary structure and functional expression of a novel H,K-ATPase. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jaisser, Modulation of the Na,K-pump function by beta subunit isoforms. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Joiner, Active K+ secretion through multiple KCa-type channels and regulation by IKCa channels in rat proximal colon. 2003, Pubmed
Joiner, hSK4, a member of a novel subfamily of calcium-activated potassium channels. 1997, Pubmed
Kanthesh, Enhanced K(+) secretion in dextran sulfate-induced colitis reflects upregulation of large conductance apical K(+) channels (BK; Kcnma1). 2013, Pubmed
Kashgarian, Amplification of cell membrane surface in potassium adaptation. 1980, Pubmed
Kaunitz, Identification of a vanadate-sensitive potassium-dependent proton pump from rabbit colon. 1986, Pubmed
Kliger, Demonstration of active potassium transport in the mammalian colon. 1981, Pubmed
Kunzelmann, Cloning and function of the rat colonic epithelial K+ channel KVLQT1. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kunzelmann, Electrolyte transport in the mammalian colon: mechanisms and implications for disease. 2002, Pubmed
Kwon, Multiple sequences in the C terminus of MaxiK channels are involved in expression, movement to the cell surface, and apical localization. 2004, Pubmed
LEVIN, THE EFFECTS OF ADRENALECTOMY AND FASTING ON INTESTINAL FUNCTION IN THE RAT. 1965, Pubmed
Lee, Functional expression and segmental localization of rat colonic K-adenosine triphosphatase. 1995, Pubmed
Lee, Targeted disruption of the Kvlqt1 gene causes deafness and gastric hyperplasia in mice. 2000, Pubmed
Liao, K+ channel KVLQT1 located in the basolateral membrane of distal colonic epithelium is not essential for activating Cl- secretion. 2005, Pubmed
Linley, Evidence that two distinct crypt cell types secrete chloride and potassium in human colon. 2014, Pubmed
Lippiat, Properties of BK(Ca) channels formed by bicistronic expression of hSloalpha and beta1-4 subunits in HEK293 cells. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lomax, Aldosterone-induced apical Na+ and K+ conductances are located predominantly in surface cells in rat distal colon. 1994, Pubmed
Lomax, Comparison of aldosterone- and RU-28362-induced apical Na+ and K+ conductances in rat distal colon. 1994, Pubmed
Lomax, Characteristics of two basolateral potassium channel populations in human colonic crypts. 1996, Pubmed
Loo, Ca2+ and cAMP activate K+ channels in the basolateral membrane of crypt cells isolated from rabbit distal colon. 1989, Pubmed
Ma, Differential trafficking of carboxyl isoforms of Ca2+-gated (Slo1) potassium channels. 2007, Pubmed
Malik, Identification of the mammalian Na,K-ATPase 3 subunit. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mandel, Ba2+ inhibition of VIP- and A23187-stimulated Cl- secretion by T84 cell monolayers. 1986, Pubmed
Mathialahan, Enhanced large intestinal potassium permeability in end-stage renal disease. 2005, Pubmed
Mathialahan, Dietary potassium and laxatives as regulators of colonic potassium secretion in end-stage renal disease. 2003, Pubmed
McCabe, Potassium transport by rabbit descending colon. 1982, Pubmed
McDonough, The sodium pump needs its beta subunit. 1990, Pubmed
McNamara, Basolateral K+ channel involvement in forskolin-activated chloride secretion in human colon. 1999, Pubmed
McNicholas, Properties and regulation of basolateral K+ channels in rat duodenal crypts. 1994, Pubmed
Meera, Large conductance voltage- and calcium-dependent K+ channel, a distinct member of voltage-dependent ion channels with seven N-terminal transmembrane segments (S0-S6), an extracellular N terminus, and an intracellular (S9-S10) C terminus. 1997, Pubmed
Meneton, Increased sensitivity to K+ deprivation in colonic H,K-ATPase-deficient mice. 1998, Pubmed
Morris, A large conductance, voltage- and calcium-activated K+ channel in the basolateral membrane of rat enterocytes. 1986, Pubmed
Nakajo, KCNQ1 channel modulation by KCNE proteins via the voltage-sensing domain. 2015, Pubmed
Nanda Kumar, Mucosal potassium efflux mediated via Kcnn4 channels provides the driving force for electrogenic anion secretion in colon. 2010, Pubmed
Neylon, Molecular cloning and characterization of the intermediate-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel in vascular smooth muscle: relationship between K(Ca) channel diversity and smooth muscle cell function. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
O'Hara, Multiple mineralocorticoid response elements localized in different introns regulate intermediate conductance K+ (Kcnn4) channel expression in the rat distal colon. 2014, Pubmed
Pandiyan, Mucosal ouabain and Na+ inhibit active Rb+(K+) absorption in normal and sodium-depleted rat distal colon. 1992, Pubmed
Perrone, Aldosterone and PCO2 enhance rubidium absorption in rat distal colon. 1988, Pubmed
Perry, Segmental differences in upregulated apical potassium channels in mammalian colon during potassium adaptation. 2016, Pubmed
Perry, Regulation of colonic apical potassium (BK) channels by cAMP and somatostatin. 2009, Pubmed
Pestov, Loss of acidification of anterior prostate fluids in Atp12a-null mutant mice indicates that nongastric H-K-ATPase functions as proton pump in vivo. 2006, Pubmed
Pestov, Ouabain-sensitive H,K-ATPase: tissue-specific expression of the mammalian genes encoding the catalytic alpha subunit. 1998, Pubmed
Phillips, The contribution of the colon to electrolyte and water conservation in man. 1973, Pubmed
Plass, Absorption and secretion of potassium by rabbit descending colon. 1986, Pubmed
Pongs, Ancillary subunits associated with voltage-dependent K+ channels. 2010, Pubmed
Pressley, Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in gut mucosa. 1975, Pubmed
Preston, Disruption of the K+ channel beta-subunit KCNE3 reveals an important role in intestinal and tracheal Cl- transport. 2010, Pubmed
Puntheeranurak, Control of ion transport in mouse proximal and distal colon by prolactin. 2007, Pubmed
Rajendran, Ouabain-sensitive H,K-ATPase functions as Na,K-ATPase in apical membranes of rat distal colon. 2000, Pubmed
Rajendran, Differential localization of colonic H(+)-K(+)-ATPase isoforms in surface and crypt cells. 1998, Pubmed
Rask-Madsen, Simultaneous measurement of electrical polarization and electrolyte transport by the entire normal and inflamed human colon during in vivo perfusion. 1973, Pubmed
Rechkemmer, Aldosterone stimulates K secretion across mammalian colon independent of Na absorption. 1989, Pubmed
Reyes, Cloning and expression of a novel pH-sensitive two pore domain K+ channel from human kidney. 1998, Pubmed
Richards, Selective block of specific K(+)-conducting channels by diphenylamine-2-carboxylate in turtle colon epithelial cells. 1993, Pubmed
Richards, Single potassium channels blocked by lidocaine and quinidine in isolated turtle colon epithelial cells. 1986, Pubmed
Roepke, The KCNE2 potassium channel ancillary subunit is essential for gastric acid secretion. 2006, Pubmed
SQUIRES, Experimental potassium depletion in normal human subjects. I. Relation of ionic intakes to the renal conservation of potassium. 1959, Pubmed
Sandle, Salt and water absorption in the human colon: a modern appraisal. 1998, Pubmed
Sandle, Corticosteroids and intestinal ion transport. 1987, Pubmed
Sandle, Direct inhibitory effect of nicardipine on basolateral K+ channels in human colonic crypts. 1999, Pubmed
Sandle, The electrical basis for enhanced potassium secretion in rat distal colon during dietary potassium loading. 1985, Pubmed
Sandle, Enhanced rectal potassium secretion in chronic renal insufficiency: evidence for large intestinal potassium adaptation in man. 1986, Pubmed
Sandle, Evidence for large intestinal control of potassium homoeostasis in uraemic patients undergoing long-term dialysis. 1987, Pubmed
Sandle, Effect of chronic hyperaldosteronism on the electrophysiology of rat distal colon. 1984, Pubmed
Sandle, Effect of glucocorticoids on rectal transport in normal subjects and patients with ulcerative colitis. 1986, Pubmed
Sandle, Cellular basis for defective electrolyte transport in inflamed human colon. 1990, Pubmed
Sandle, Apical potassium (BK) channels and enhanced potassium secretion in human colon. 2010, Pubmed
Sandle, Potassium channels in colonic crypts. 1994, Pubmed
Sandle, Altered cryptal expression of luminal potassium (BK) channels in ulcerative colitis. 2007, Pubmed
Sandle, Cyclic AMP-induced K+ secretion occurs independently of Cl- secretion in rat distal colon. 2012, Pubmed
Sandle, Somatostatin peptides inhibit basolateral potassium channels in human colonic crypts. 1999, Pubmed
Sandle, Electrophysiology of the human colon: evidence of segmental heterogeneity. 1986, Pubmed
Sangan, Basolateral K-Cl cotransporter regulates colonic potassium absorption in potassium depletion. 2000, Pubmed
Sangan, Colonic H-K-ATPase beta-subunit: identification in apical membranes and regulation by dietary K depletion. 1999, Pubmed
Sangan, Regulation of colonic H-K-ATPase in large intestine and kidney by dietary Na depletion and dietary K depletion. 1997, Pubmed
Sangan, Colonic H-K-ATPase alpha- and beta-subunits express ouabain-insensitive H-K-ATPase. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sausbier, Distal colonic K(+) secretion occurs via BK channels. 2006, Pubmed
Schon, Mechanism of potassium excretion in renal insufficiency. 1974, Pubmed
Schulman, Characterization of the rat colonic aldosterone receptor and its activation process. 1986, Pubmed
Schultheiss, K+ and Cl- conductances in the distal colon of the rat. 1998, Pubmed
Sepúlveda, K+ and Cl- currents in enterocytes isolated from guinea-pig small intestinal villi. 1991, Pubmed
Shimura, Diarrhea caused by proton pump inhibitor administration: comparisons among lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and omeprazole. 2012, Pubmed
Shull, Molecular cloning of three distinct forms of the Na+,K+-ATPase alpha-subunit from rat brain. 1986, Pubmed
Shull, Molecular cloning of the rat stomach (H+ + K+)-ATPase. 1986, Pubmed
Siemer, Activation of nonselective cation channels in the basolateral membrane of rat distal colon crypt cells by prostaglandin E2. 1992, Pubmed
Simon, Over-expression of colonic K+ channels associated with severe potassium secretory diarrhoea after haemorrhagic shock. 2008, Pubmed
Singh, Aldosterone induces active K⁺ secretion by enhancing mucosal expression of Kcnn4c and Kcnma1 channels in rat distal colon. 2012, Pubmed
Smith, Mechanism and regulation of transcellular potassium transport by the colon. 1984, Pubmed
Sorensen, Colonic potassium handling. 2010, Pubmed
Spicer, Colonic H(+)-K(+)-ATPase in K(+) conservation and electrogenic Na(+) absorption during Na(+) restriction. 2001, Pubmed
Sullivan, Active potassium secretion by rabbit proximal colon. 1986, Pubmed
Supplisson, Diversity of K+ channels in the basolateral membrane of resting Necturus oxyntic cells. 1991, Pubmed
Suzuki, Acid secretion in isolated guinea pig colon. 1987, Pubmed
Suzuki, Ouabain-sensitive H+-K+ exchange mechanism in the apical membrane of guinea pig colon. 1989, Pubmed
Sverdlov, The family of human Na+,K+-ATPase genes. No less than five genes and/or pseudogenes related to the alpha-subunit. 1987, Pubmed
Swarts, The human non-gastric H,K-ATPase has a different cation specificity than the rat enzyme. 2007, Pubmed
Swarts, The non-gastric H,K-ATPase is oligomycin-sensitive and can function as an H+,NH4(+)-ATPase. 2005, Pubmed
Sweiry, Active potassium absorption in rat distal colon. 1990, Pubmed
Sweiry, Characterization of aldosterone-induced potassium secretion in rat distal colon. 1989, Pubmed
Sørensen, Aldosterone increases KCa1.1 (BK) channel-mediated colonic K+ secretion. 2008, Pubmed
Sørensen, Adrenaline-induced colonic K+ secretion is mediated by KCa1.1 (BK) channels. 2010, Pubmed
Takahashi, Expression of ATP1AL1, a non-gastric proton pump, in human colorectum. 2002, Pubmed
Teutsch, 17 alpha-alkynyl-11 beta, 17-dihydroxyandrostane derivatives : a new class of potent glucocorticoids. 1981, Pubmed
Tian, Alternative splicing switches potassium channel sensitivity to protein phosphorylation. 2001, Pubmed
Tseng-Crank, Cloning, expression, and distribution of functionally distinct Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel isoforms from human brain. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Turnamian, Aldosterone and glucocorticoid receptor-specific agonists regulate ion transport in rat proximal colon. 1990, Pubmed
Turnberg, Potassium transport in the human small bowel. 1971, Pubmed
Turnheim, Basolateral potassium channels of rabbit colon epithelium: role in sodium absorption and chloride secretion. 2002, Pubmed
Ueda, Regulation of K+ channels in the basolateral membrane of Necturus oxyntic cells. 1987, Pubmed
Wallner, Molecular basis of fast inactivation in voltage and Ca2+-activated K+ channels: a transmembrane beta-subunit homolog. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Walters, A basolateral K+ conductance modulated by carbachol dominates the membrane potential of small intestinal crypts. 1991, Pubmed
Warth, The role of KCNQ1/KCNE1 K(+) channels in intestine and pancreas: lessons from the KCNE1 knockout mouse. 2002, Pubmed
Warth, Molecular and functional characterization of the small Ca(2+)-regulated K+ channel (rSK4) of colonic crypts. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Warth, The cAMP-regulated and 293B-inhibited K+ conductance of rat colonic crypt base cells. 1996, Pubmed
Wills, Active potassium transport by rabbit descending colon epithelium. 1982, Pubmed
Wilson, The chemical composition of faeces in uraemia, as revealed by in-vivo faecal dialysis. 1968, Pubmed
Zdebik, Additional disruption of the ClC-2 Cl(-) channel does not exacerbate the cystic fibrosis phenotype of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mouse models. 2004, Pubmed
Zhang, Role of the BK channel (KCa1.1) during activation of electrogenic K+ secretion in guinea pig distal colon. 2012, Pubmed
van Dinter, Stimulated active potassium secretion in a patient with colonic pseudo-obstruction: a new mechanism of secretory diarrhea. 2005, Pubmed