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Fig. 1. Effects of Hh signaling overexpression on eye DV polarity. (A,B) The red or light-blue β-gal staining identifies the injected side. The broken yellow circles highlight the eye region. (A) Unilateral injection of low doses of bhh mRNA (1 pg) upregulates Vax2 in the DR and reduces ET in stage 33 Xenopus embryos. Pax2, Vax1b and Raldh3 are partially upregulated, but not in the DR, and the Pax6 domain is slightly reduced in these embryos. On the uninjected side, Vax2 is normally expressed in the OS and the VR; ET is expressed in the DR; Pax2, Vax1b and Raldh3 are expressed in the OS region and Pax6 is expressed in the retina region. (B) High doses of bhh mRNA (250 pg) upregulate Vax2, Pax2, Vax1b and Raldh3 throughout the eye, and repress ET and Pax6 expression. (C) Schematic representation of the results shown in A and B. Low Hh levels partially expand the OS and ventralize in part the DR. Purple indicates the overlap of ventral and dorsal character in the most dorsal retina. High Hh levels transform the entire retina into OS. |
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Fig. 2. Effects of RA signaling overexpression on eye DV polarity. (A) Low RA doses (0.1 μM) expand Pax2, Vax1b and Raldh3 expression domains, but do not significantly affect Vax2- and ET-positive regions in stage 33 Xenopus embryos. Pax2-hybridized embryos are also shown in frontal view (right column). (B) High RA doses (10 μM) upregulate Vax2 in the DR and repress Vent2, Pax2, Vax1b and Raldh3, but do not change Pax6 expression. (C) Schematic representation of the results shown in A and B. Low RA levels enlarge the OS. High RA levels ventralize the retina and repress OS formation. |
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Fig. 3. Effects of FGFR signaling overexpression on eye DV polarity. (A) Unilateral injection of 2 pg iFGFR1 mRNA, followed by induction with AP20187 at stage 12.5/13, partially expands the expression domains of Vax2, Pax2, Vax1b and Raldh3 in the ventral eye, and weakly represses ET and Pax6 in stage 33 Xenopus embryos. (B) Injection of 4 pg iFGFR1 mRNA upregulates Vax2, Pax2, Vax1b and Raldh3 in the dorsal eye and strongly repress ET and Pax6. (C) Schematic representation of the results shown in A and B. Increasing FGFR levels progressively expands the OS at the expense of the retina. |
