Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
A calcium signaling cascade essential for myosin thick filament assembly in Xenopus myocytes.
Ferrari MB
,
Ribbeck K
,
Hagler DJ
,
Spitzer NC
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Spontaneous calcium release from intracellular stores occurs during myofibrillogenesis, the process of sarcomeric protein assembly in striated muscle. Preventing these Ca2+ transients disrupts sarcomere formation, but the signal transduction cascade has not been identified. Here we report that specific blockade of Ca2+ release from the ryanodine receptor (RyR) activated Ca2+ store blocks transients and disrupts myosin thick filament (A band) assembly. Inhibition of an embryonic Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) by blocking the ATP-binding site, by allosteric phosphorylation, or by intracellular delivery of a pseudosubstrate peptide, also disrupts sarcomeric organization. The results indicate that both RyRs and MLCK, which have well-described calcium signaling roles in mature muscle contraction, have essential developmental roles during construction of the contractile apparatus.
Figure 1. Release of intracellular Ca21 from RyR stores is necessary for
myofibrillogenesis. (A) Myocytes grown 48 h in 0-Ca21 medium are indistinguishable
from controls with respect to bipolar morphology, parallel
myofibril alignment, and number and regularity of sarcomeres. Image is
a Z-series maximum projection of sections encompassing the full thickness
of the cell. In the central region, a loose meshwork of myofibrils
surrounds normal cell inclusions including numerous yolk platelets.
Trace below shows Ca21 transients that occur in normal and 0-Ca21 media
up to 15 h in culture (Ferrari et al., 1996). (B) Myocytes grown in the presence
of ryanodine (100 mM) at early times show disruption of myofibrils
and reduced sarcomere numbers; cell shown was treated with ryanodine
from 6 to 48 h in culture. Major phenotypic characteristics are myofibril
misalignments, diffuse myosin immunoreactivity throughout the cell,
fewer sarcomeres, and localized patches of dense myosin accumulation.
Trace below shows Ca21 transients are blocked by ryanodine (n 5 109
cells examined for 30–60 min at 3–9 h in culture; Ferrari et al., 1996). (C)
Resting Ca21 levels are not significantly altered in 0-Ca21 medium or
with the application of 100 mM ryanodine when measured during 3–9 h in
culture. Means are from $20 cells per condition, boxes enclose 50% of
the data, and lines indicate median values. (D) Mean steady-state current–
voltage relations of the inward rectifier potassium current at 24–28 h
in culture are normal in control and 100 mM ryanodine-treated (6–24 h
in culture) cells. Number of myocytes is $12 for each condition. Bars, 20 mm.
Figure 2. Time course and
ryanodine sensitivity of A
band assembly in Xenopus
myocytes. (A) Mean number
of sarcomeres per myocyte
(n $ 30 myocytes per time
point) versus time in culture.
The period of spontaneous
Ca21 transient production is
shown along the x axis (gray
bar). After experimental perturbations,
sarcomeres were
assayed at 24 or 48 h in culture
(arrows). (B) Normalized
mean sarcomere numbers
per myocyte from
chronic 0-Ca21 and ryanodine-
treated cultures. 0-Ca21
cultures were assayed at 48 h;
ryanodine was applied at 100
mM in control saline, with 3–6,
3–15, and 6–24 h treatments assayed at 24 h. Note that the early
period of ryanodine sensitivity corresponds to the period of Ca21
transient production shown above. Asterisks, significantly different
from controls in this and subsequent figures.
Figure 3. Pharmacological inhibition of
MLCK disrupts A band formation. All data
are from 24 h cultures. (A) Staurosporine
(100 nM), a general kinase inhibitor, inhibits
thick filament assembly without disrupting
bipolar morphology. Myosin is diffusely
distributed throughout the cells,
with regions of dense accumulation. (B)
ML-7 (1 mM), a specific MLCK inhibitor,
disrupts myosin incorporation into A
bands without affecting bipolar morphology.
Myosin is distributed diffusely throughout
the cells with localized dense patches.
(C) Summary of kinase inhibitor effects on A band assembly. Inhibitors were applied at the concentration indicated (mM) to block the
listed kinase(s). Note that KT5926, which inhibits CaMK II with high specificity (10 nM), has no effect, whereas a higher concentration
(100 nM) of this agent inhibits MLCK as well, producing the same effects as ML-7 and ML-9. KT, KT 5926; Stauro, staurosporine; Bis I,
bisindolylmaleimide 1. (D) Development of the inward rectifier potassium current is unaffected by 6–24 h, 1 mM ML-7 when assayed at
24 h in culture. Bars, 20 mm.
Figure 4. Activation of PKC disrupts A band assembly.
(A) Phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate
(PMA; 10 nM), a potent activator of PKC, disrupts
myofibrillogenesis in the same manner as
MLCK inhibitors. Myosin is diffusely distributed throughout these cells, with dense punctate staining located centrally. (B) Co-application
of the PKC inhibitor Bis I (100 nM) blocks the action of PMA. Myofibril and sarcomeric structure are normal. (C) PMA application
from 6 to 24 h, but not 24 to 48 h, disrupts A band assembly and is rescued by Bis I. Bars, 20 mm.
Figure 5. Molecular inhibition of MLCK blocks A band
assembly. (A) Intracellular delivery via antennapedia
peptide (pANT) of a pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide
(MLCKi) results in disruption of myofibrillogenesis.
(B) Later application of MLCKi at 24 h in culture has
no effect on sarcomere assembly. (C) Effects of treatment
with synthetic peptides. In addition to late application of MLCKi, pANT alone or pANT-scrambled MLCKi have no significant
effect on myofibrillogenesis. Bars, 20 mm.
Figure 6. Detection and developmental regulation of an embryonic MLCK isoform. (A) An embryonic isoform of MLCK is developmentally
upregulated during the period of Ca21 transient production. Western blot of Xenopus embryonic and adult skeletal muscletissue
with R57 antiserum shows that a single isoform running z225 kD is upregulated in embryonic myotomal tissue from stage 15 (lane
2) to stage 27 (lane 3), corresponding to 0 and 15 h in culture, respectively. This isoform is absent in adult skeletal muscle (lane 4), where
a strong single band at 130 kD is detected. MLCK isoforms at 130, 208, and 220 kD are recognized in the rat A10 cell line (ATCC
CRL1476) lysate (lane 1). (B) Striated pattern of labeling with the K36 smooth muscleMLCK mAb is visible in myocyte endfeet at 24 h
in culture. The width and spacing of these bands matches the normal A band geometry. (C) Schematic model of Ca21 transient–dependent
MLCK activation and A band assembly in embryonic skeletal muscle. Inhibiting this cascade (dashed lines) at multiple points
(boxes) disrupts formation of thick filaments. Bar, 20 mm.
Airey,
Ryanodine receptor protein is expressed during differentiation in the muscle cell lines BC3H1 and C2C12.
1991, Pubmed
Airey,
Ryanodine receptor protein is expressed during differentiation in the muscle cell lines BC3H1 and C2C12.
1991,
Pubmed
Airey,
Failure to make normal alpha ryanodine receptor is an early event associated with the crooked neck dwarf (cn) mutation in chicken.
1993,
Pubmed
Airey,
Crooked neck dwarf (cn) mutant chicken skeletal muscle cells in low density primary cultures fail to express normal alpha ryanodine receptor and exhibit a partial mutant phenotype.
1993,
Pubmed
Berridge,
The AM and FM of calcium signalling.
1997,
Pubmed
Bouché,
Posttranslational incorporation of contractile proteins into myofibrils in a cell-free system.
1988,
Pubmed
Busa,
An elevated free cytosolic Ca2+ wave follows fertilization in eggs of the frog, Xenopus laevis.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Coronado,
Structure and function of ryanodine receptors.
1994,
Pubmed
Dolmetsch,
Differential activation of transcription factors induced by Ca2+ response amplitude and duration.
1997,
Pubmed
Epstein,
Molecular analysis of protein assembly in muscle development.
1991,
Pubmed
Ferrari,
Spontaneous calcium transients regulate myofibrillogenesis in embryonic Xenopus myocytes.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Fields,
Action potential-dependent regulation of gene expression: temporal specificity in ca2+, cAMP-responsive element binding proteins, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.
1997,
Pubmed
Flucher,
Development of the excitation-contraction coupling apparatus in skeletal muscle: association of sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules with myofibrils.
1993,
Pubmed
Galione,
Redundant mechanisms of calcium-induced calcium release underlying calcium waves during fertilization of sea urchin eggs.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gallagher,
Expression of a novel myosin light chain kinase in embryonic tissues and cultured cells.
1995,
Pubmed
Gallagher,
Myosin light chain kinases.
1997,
Pubmed
Gomez,
Characterization of spontaneous calcium transients in nerve growth cones and their effect on growth cone migration.
1995,
Pubmed
Grynkiewicz,
A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties.
1985,
Pubmed
Gu,
Distinct aspects of neuronal differentiation encoded by frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ transients.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gu,
Breaking the code: regulation of neuronal differentiation by spontaneous calcium transients.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gu,
Spontaneous neuronal calcium spikes and waves during early differentiation.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Guerriero,
Production and characterization of an antibody to myosin light chain kinase and intracellular localization of the enzyme.
1981,
Pubmed
Herring,
Domain characterization of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase.
1990,
Pubmed
Huang,
Development of myotomal cells in Xenopus laevis larvae.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ikebe,
Primary structure required for the inhibition of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase.
1992,
Pubmed
Jaffe,
Calcium waves and development.
1995,
Pubmed
Kater,
Calcium regulation of the neuronal growth cone.
1988,
Pubmed
Kato,
Single-cell transplantation determines the time when Xenopus muscle precursor cells acquire a capacity for autonomous differentiation.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kidokoro,
Early cross-striation formation in twitching Xenopus myocytes in culture.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kidokoro,
Changes in synaptic potential properties during acetylcholine receptor accumulation and neurospecific interactions in Xenopus nerve-muscle cell culture.
1980,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Knighton,
Structural basis of the intrasteric regulation of myosin light chain kinases.
1992,
Pubmed
Labeit,
Titins: giant proteins in charge of muscle ultrastructure and elasticity.
1995,
Pubmed
Levine,
Myosin light chain phosphorylation affects the structure of rabbit skeletal muscle thick filaments.
1996,
Pubmed
Meissner,
Ryanodine activation and inhibition of the Ca2+ release channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
1986,
Pubmed
Muto,
Calcium waves along the cleavage furrows in cleavage-stage Xenopus embryos and its inhibition by heparin.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Nishikawa,
Protein kinase C modulates in vitro phosphorylation of the smooth muscle heavy meromyosin by myosin light chain kinase.
1984,
Pubmed
Prochiantz,
Getting hydrophilic compounds into cells: lessons from homeopeptides.
1996,
Pubmed
Rees,
Myosin regulation and calcium transients in fibroblast shape change, attachment, and patching.
1989,
Pubmed
Reinhard,
Localized calcium signals in early zebrafish development.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Rhee,
The premyofibril: evidence for its role in myofibrillogenesis.
1994,
Pubmed
Scholey,
Regulation of non-muscle myosin assembly by calmodulin-dependent light chain kinase.
1980,
Pubmed
Sheng,
Membrane depolarization and calcium induce c-fos transcription via phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB.
1990,
Pubmed
Silver,
Calcium, BOBs, QEDs, microdomains and a cellular decision: control of mitotic cell division in sand dollar blastomeres.
1996,
Pubmed
Sobieszek,
Purification and characterization of a kinase-associated, myofibrillar smooth muscle myosin light chain phosphatase possessing a calmodulin-targeting subunit.
1997,
Pubmed
Somlyo,
Signal transduction and regulation in smooth muscle.
1994,
Pubmed
Spitzer,
Biological information processing: bits of progress.
1997,
Pubmed
Spitzer,
The development of the action potential mechanism of amphibian neurons isolated in culture.
1976,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Spruce,
Developmental sequence of expression of voltage-dependent currents in embryonic Xenopus laevis myocytes.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Takekura,
Development of the excitation-contraction coupling apparatus in skeletal muscle: peripheral and internal calcium release units are formed sequentially.
1994,
Pubmed
Takekura,
Abnormal junctions between surface membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle with a mutation targeted to the ryanodine receptor.
1995,
Pubmed
Théodore,
Intraneuronal delivery of protein kinase C pseudosubstrate leads to growth cone collapse.
1995,
Pubmed
Trybus,
Role of myosin light chains.
1994,
Pubmed
Tsien,
New calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structures.
1980,
Pubmed
Turbedsky,
A subset of protein kinase C phosphorylation sites on the myosin II regulatory light chain inhibits phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Webb,
Localized calcium transients accompany furrow positioning, propagation, and deepening during the early cleavage period of zebrafish embryos.
1997,
Pubmed
de Lanerolle,
Characterization of antibodies to smooth muscle myosin kinase and their use in localizing myosin kinase in nonmuscle cells.
1981,
Pubmed