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XB-ART-18183
Cell 1996 May 17;854:479-87. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81249-0.
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Xenopus Mad proteins transduce distinct subsets of signals for the TGF beta superfamily.

Graff JM , Bansal A , Melton DA .


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Xenopus cDNAs homologous to the Drosophila Mad gene and C. elegans CEM genes have been cloned and functionally analyzed by microinjection into frog embryos. The results show that these genes (Xmad) encode intracellular proteins that act downstream of TGF beta superfamily ligands. Most interesting is the fact that different Xmad proteins produce distinct biological responses. Xmad1 produces ventral mesoderm, apparently transducing a signal for BMP2 and BMP4, whereas Xmad2 induces dorsal mesoderm like Vg1, activin, and nodal. These results suggest that an individual Xmad protein waits poised in the cytoplasm for instruction from a distinct subset of TGF beta ligands and then conveys specific information to the nucleus.

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Species referenced: Xenopus
Genes referenced: bmp2 bmp4 gdf1 mad2l1 mxd1 nodal smad1 tgfb1