XB-ART-35024
Semin Cell Dev Biol
February 1, 2007;
18
(1):
46-53.
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Xenopus as a model system for vertebrate heart development.
Warkman AS
,
Krieg PA
.
Abstract
The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, is a valuable model system for studies of vertebrate heart development. In the following review, we describe a range of embryological and molecular methodologies that are used in Xenopus research and discuss key discoveries relating to heart development that have been made using this model system. We also discuss how the sequence of the Xenopus tropicalis genome provides a valuable tool for identification of orthologous genes and for identification of evolutionarily conserved promoter elements. Finally, both forward and reverse genetic approaches are currently being applied to Xenopus for the study of vertebrate heart development.
PubMed ID: 17194606
PMC ID: PMC1868678
Article link: Semin Cell Dev Biol
Grant support: [+]
Species referenced: Xenopus tropicalis Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: myh6 myl2 myocd nkx2-5 nppa
Morpholinos: myocd MO1 myocd MO2
Phenotypes: Xla Wt + myocd MO (Fig 1. C) [+]
Article Images: [+] show captions
References [+] :
Allen,
Transgenic Xenopus laevis embryos can be generated using phiC31 integrase.
2005, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Allen,
Transgenic Xenopus laevis embryos can be generated using phiC31 integrase.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Beck, Gut specific expression using mammalian promoters in transgenic Xenopus laevis. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bodmer, The gene tinman is required for specification of the heart and visceral muscles in Drosophila. 1994, Pubmed
Branford, Lefty-dependent inhibition of Nodal- and Wnt-responsive organizer gene expression is essential for normal gastrulation. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Breckenridge, A role for BMP signalling in heart looping morphogenesis in Xenopus. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Brott, A vertebrate homolog of the cell cycle regulator Dbf4 is an inhibitor of Wnt signaling required for heart development. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Brown, Tbx5 and Tbx20 act synergistically to control vertebrate heart morphogenesis. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Chae, Inducible control of tissue-specific transgene expression in Xenopus tropicalis transgenic lines. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Chambers, The RSRF/MEF2 protein SL1 regulates cardiac muscle-specific transcription of a myosin light-chain gene in Xenopus embryos. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cleaver, Overexpression of the tinman-related genes XNkx-2.5 and XNkx-2.3 in Xenopus embryos results in myocardial hyperplasia. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cleaver, Expression from DNA injected into Xenopus embryos. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Dagle, Oligonucleotide-based strategies to reduce gene expression. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Dale, Fate map for the 32-cell stage of Xenopus laevis. 1987, Pubmed , Xenbase
Das, Controlling transgene expression to study Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Foley, Heart induction by Wnt antagonists depends on the homeodomain transcription factor Hex. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Garriock, Regulation of heart size in Xenopus laevis. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Garriock, Wnt11-R, a protein closely related to mammalian Wnt11, is required for heart morphogenesis in Xenopus. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Garriock, Developmental expression and comparative genomic analysis of Xenopus cardiac myosin heavy chain genes. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gilchrist, Defining a large set of full-length clones from a Xenopus tropicalis EST project. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Goda, Genetic screens for mutations affecting development of Xenopus tropicalis. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Goetz, TBX5 is required for embryonic cardiac cell cycle progression. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Grammer, Use of large-scale expression cloning screens in the Xenopus laevis tadpole to identify gene function. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Grow, Tinman function is essential for vertebrate heart development: elimination of cardiac differentiation by dominant inhibitory mutants of the tinman-related genes, XNkx2-3 and XNkx2-5. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Horb, Tbx5 is essential for heart development. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
JACOBSON, Heart determination in the newt. 1962, Pubmed
JACOBSON, Influences of ectoderm and endoderm on heart differentiation in the newt. 1960, Pubmed
Keller, Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis. II. Prospective areas and morphogenetic movements of the deep layer. 1976, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kolker, Confocal imaging of early heart development in Xenopus laevis. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kroll, Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Latinkic, Transcriptional regulation of the cardiac-specific MLC2 gene during Xenopus embryonic development. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Latinkić, Induction of cardiomyocytes by GATA4 in Xenopus ectodermal explants. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Latinkić, Distinct enhancers regulate skeletal and cardiac muscle-specific expression programs of the cardiac alpha-actin gene in Xenopus embryos. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lim, The mouse muscle creatine kinase promoter faithfully drives reporter gene expression in transgenic Xenopus laevis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lohr, Vertebrate model systems in the study of early heart development: Xenopus and zebrafish. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mercola, Embryological basis for cardiac left-right asymmetry. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mohun, The morphology of heart development in Xenopus laevis. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Moody, Fates of the blastomeres of the 32-cell-stage Xenopus embryo. 1987, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nascone, An inductive role for the endoderm in Xenopus cardiogenesis. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nutt, Comparison of morpholino based translational inhibition during the development of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ogino, Highly efficient transgenesis in Xenopus tropicalis using I-SceI meganuclease. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Onuma, XCR2, one of three Xenopus EGF-CFC genes, has a distinct role in the regulation of left-right patterning. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Pan, I-SceI meganuclease-mediated transgenesis in Xenopus. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Pandur, Wnt-11 activation of a non-canonical Wnt signalling pathway is required for cardiogenesis. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Peterkin, GATA-6 maintains BMP-4 and Nkx2 expression during cardiomyocyte precursor maturation. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Raffin, Subdivision of the cardiac Nkx2.5 expression domain into myogenic and nonmyogenic compartments. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Rones, Serrate and Notch specify cell fates in the heart field by suppressing cardiomyogenesis. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ryffel, Tagging muscle cell lineages in development and tail regeneration using Cre recombinase in transgenic Xenopus. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sater, The specification of heart mesoderm occurs during gastrulation in Xenopus laevis. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sater, The role of the dorsal lip in the induction of heart mesoderm in Xenopus laevis. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sater, The restriction of the heart morphogenetic field in Xenopus laevis. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schneider, Wnt antagonism initiates cardiogenesis in Xenopus laevis. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Shi, BMP signaling is required for heart formation in vertebrates. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Small, Transgenic analysis of the atrialnatriuretic factor (ANF) promoter: Nkx2-5 and GATA-4 binding sites are required for atrial specific expression of ANF. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Small, Myocardin is sufficient and necessary for cardiac gene expression in Xenopus. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Smith, The MLC1v gene provides a transgenic marker of myocardium formation within developing chambers of the Xenopus heart. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sparrow, A simplified method of generating transgenic Xenopus. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sparrow, Regulation of the tinman homologues in Xenopus embryos. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Waldner, Transgenic Xenopus laevis strain expressing cre recombinase in muscle cells. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wang, Activation of cardiac gene expression by myocardin, a transcriptional cofactor for serum response factor. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Warkman, Amphibian cardiac troponin I gene's organization, developmental expression, and regulatory properties are different from its mammalian homologue. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Werdien, FLP and Cre recombinase function in Xenopus embryos. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wheeler, Inducible gene expression in transgenic Xenopus embryos. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zhang, SOX7 and SOX18 are essential for cardiogenesis in Xenopus. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Beck, Gut specific expression using mammalian promoters in transgenic Xenopus laevis. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bodmer, The gene tinman is required for specification of the heart and visceral muscles in Drosophila. 1994, Pubmed
Branford, Lefty-dependent inhibition of Nodal- and Wnt-responsive organizer gene expression is essential for normal gastrulation. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Breckenridge, A role for BMP signalling in heart looping morphogenesis in Xenopus. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Brott, A vertebrate homolog of the cell cycle regulator Dbf4 is an inhibitor of Wnt signaling required for heart development. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Brown, Tbx5 and Tbx20 act synergistically to control vertebrate heart morphogenesis. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Chae, Inducible control of tissue-specific transgene expression in Xenopus tropicalis transgenic lines. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Chambers, The RSRF/MEF2 protein SL1 regulates cardiac muscle-specific transcription of a myosin light-chain gene in Xenopus embryos. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cleaver, Overexpression of the tinman-related genes XNkx-2.5 and XNkx-2.3 in Xenopus embryos results in myocardial hyperplasia. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cleaver, Expression from DNA injected into Xenopus embryos. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Dagle, Oligonucleotide-based strategies to reduce gene expression. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Dale, Fate map for the 32-cell stage of Xenopus laevis. 1987, Pubmed , Xenbase
Das, Controlling transgene expression to study Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Foley, Heart induction by Wnt antagonists depends on the homeodomain transcription factor Hex. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Garriock, Regulation of heart size in Xenopus laevis. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Garriock, Wnt11-R, a protein closely related to mammalian Wnt11, is required for heart morphogenesis in Xenopus. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Garriock, Developmental expression and comparative genomic analysis of Xenopus cardiac myosin heavy chain genes. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gilchrist, Defining a large set of full-length clones from a Xenopus tropicalis EST project. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Goda, Genetic screens for mutations affecting development of Xenopus tropicalis. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Goetz, TBX5 is required for embryonic cardiac cell cycle progression. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Grammer, Use of large-scale expression cloning screens in the Xenopus laevis tadpole to identify gene function. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Grow, Tinman function is essential for vertebrate heart development: elimination of cardiac differentiation by dominant inhibitory mutants of the tinman-related genes, XNkx2-3 and XNkx2-5. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Horb, Tbx5 is essential for heart development. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
JACOBSON, Heart determination in the newt. 1962, Pubmed
JACOBSON, Influences of ectoderm and endoderm on heart differentiation in the newt. 1960, Pubmed
Keller, Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis. II. Prospective areas and morphogenetic movements of the deep layer. 1976, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kolker, Confocal imaging of early heart development in Xenopus laevis. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kroll, Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Latinkic, Transcriptional regulation of the cardiac-specific MLC2 gene during Xenopus embryonic development. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Latinkić, Induction of cardiomyocytes by GATA4 in Xenopus ectodermal explants. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Latinkić, Distinct enhancers regulate skeletal and cardiac muscle-specific expression programs of the cardiac alpha-actin gene in Xenopus embryos. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lim, The mouse muscle creatine kinase promoter faithfully drives reporter gene expression in transgenic Xenopus laevis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lohr, Vertebrate model systems in the study of early heart development: Xenopus and zebrafish. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mercola, Embryological basis for cardiac left-right asymmetry. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mohun, The morphology of heart development in Xenopus laevis. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Moody, Fates of the blastomeres of the 32-cell-stage Xenopus embryo. 1987, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nascone, An inductive role for the endoderm in Xenopus cardiogenesis. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nutt, Comparison of morpholino based translational inhibition during the development of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ogino, Highly efficient transgenesis in Xenopus tropicalis using I-SceI meganuclease. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Onuma, XCR2, one of three Xenopus EGF-CFC genes, has a distinct role in the regulation of left-right patterning. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Pan, I-SceI meganuclease-mediated transgenesis in Xenopus. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Pandur, Wnt-11 activation of a non-canonical Wnt signalling pathway is required for cardiogenesis. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Peterkin, GATA-6 maintains BMP-4 and Nkx2 expression during cardiomyocyte precursor maturation. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Raffin, Subdivision of the cardiac Nkx2.5 expression domain into myogenic and nonmyogenic compartments. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Rones, Serrate and Notch specify cell fates in the heart field by suppressing cardiomyogenesis. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ryffel, Tagging muscle cell lineages in development and tail regeneration using Cre recombinase in transgenic Xenopus. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sater, The specification of heart mesoderm occurs during gastrulation in Xenopus laevis. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sater, The role of the dorsal lip in the induction of heart mesoderm in Xenopus laevis. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sater, The restriction of the heart morphogenetic field in Xenopus laevis. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schneider, Wnt antagonism initiates cardiogenesis in Xenopus laevis. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Shi, BMP signaling is required for heart formation in vertebrates. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Small, Transgenic analysis of the atrialnatriuretic factor (ANF) promoter: Nkx2-5 and GATA-4 binding sites are required for atrial specific expression of ANF. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Small, Myocardin is sufficient and necessary for cardiac gene expression in Xenopus. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Smith, The MLC1v gene provides a transgenic marker of myocardium formation within developing chambers of the Xenopus heart. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sparrow, A simplified method of generating transgenic Xenopus. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sparrow, Regulation of the tinman homologues in Xenopus embryos. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Waldner, Transgenic Xenopus laevis strain expressing cre recombinase in muscle cells. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wang, Activation of cardiac gene expression by myocardin, a transcriptional cofactor for serum response factor. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Warkman, Amphibian cardiac troponin I gene's organization, developmental expression, and regulatory properties are different from its mammalian homologue. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Werdien, FLP and Cre recombinase function in Xenopus embryos. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wheeler, Inducible gene expression in transgenic Xenopus embryos. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zhang, SOX7 and SOX18 are essential for cardiogenesis in Xenopus. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase