Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
An amphioxus LIM-homeobox gene, AmphiLim1/5, expressed early in the invaginating organizer region and later in differentiating cells of the kidney and central nervous system.
Langeland JA
,
Holland LZ
,
Chastain RA
,
Holland ND
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
A LIM-homeobox gene, AmphiLim1/5, from the Florida amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) encodes a protein that phylogenetic analysis positions at the base of a clade comprising vertebrate Lim1 and Lim5. Amphioxus AmphiLim1/5 is expressed in domains that are a composite of those of vertebrate Lim1 and Lim5, which evidently underwent subfunctionalization after duplication of an ancestral protochordate Lim1/5. During amphioxus development, transcription is first detected in the ectoderm of the blastula. Then, in the gastrula, a second expression domain appears in the mesendoderm just within the dorsal lip of the blastopore, a region known to have organizer properties in amphioxus. This mesendodermal expression corresponds to Lim1 expression in the Spemann organizer of vertebrates. At least one of the functions of vertebrate Lim1 in the organizer is to control the transcription of genes involved in cell and tissue movements during gastrulation, and a comparable early function seems likely for AmphiLim1/5 during gastrular invagination of amphioxus. Later embryos and larvae of amphioxus express AmphiLim1/5 in clusters of cells, probably motoneurons, in the anterior part of the central nervous system, in the hindgut, in Hatschek's right diverticulum (a rudiment of the rostral coelom), and in the wall of the first somite on the left side (a precursor of Hatschek's nephridium). In the early larva, expression continues in neural cells, in Hatschek's nephridium, in the wall of the rostral coelom, in the epidermis of the upper lip, and in mesoderm cells near the opening of the second gill slit. The developmental expression in Hatschek's nephridium is especially interesting because it helps support the homology between this amphioxus organ and the vertebrate pronephros.
Figure 1. Deduced amino acid sequence of AmphiLim1/5 from the Florida amphioxus, Branchiostoma floridae, with two LIM domains (each boxed), a homeodomain (single underlined), an arginine-rich region (double underlined), and a tyrosine-rich region (bracketed). The arrowheads correspond to intron positions in the base sequence.
Figure 2. Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic analysis of amphioxus AmphiLim1/5 protein in the context of closely related LIM-homeodomain proteins from other chordates. Tree topology with bootstrap support based on 1000 replicates is constructed with Clustal_X.
Figure 3. AmphiLim1/5 expression in developing amphioxus. Whole mount side views with anterior toward left. Sections are viewed from posterior end of animal. Whole mount and section scale lines respectively 50 μm and 25 μm. A) Blastula with expression in animal hemisphere. B) Mid-gastrula in blastopore view with expression in dorsal quadrant. C) Section in plane of dashed line in B; expression in ectoderm and dorsal mesendoderm (arrow). D) Side view of late gastrula with expression in neural plate and in posterodorsal mesendoderm. E) Section through a in D showing expression in neural plate. F) Section through b in D showing expression in dorsal mesendoderm. G) Side view of mid-neurula with expression in central nervous system, hindgut, rudiment of Hatschek's right diverticulum (asterisk), and first somite on left side (arrow). H) Section through a in G showing expression in anterior neural plate, epidermis on left side, Hatschek's right diverticulum (single arrow), but not in Hatschek's left diverticulum (twin arrow). I) Section through b in G showing expression on epidermis on left side and in most anterior somite on left side (arrow). J) Section through c in G showing expression in hindgut, but not in notochord (arrow). K) Dorsal view of mid-neurula showing expression in central nervous system, hindgut, and first somite on left side (arrow). L) Side view of early larva with expression in cells of dorsal nerve cord, rostral coelom (single arrow), Hatschek's nephridium (twin arrows), mesoderm associated with rudiment of second gill slit (asterisk), and neurenteric canal (arrowhead) of tail bud. M) Section through a in L showing expression in ventral and lateral cells of central nervous system and in rostral coelom (arrow). N) Section through b in L showing expression in ventral and lateral cells of central nervous system, in epidermis on left side, but not in Hatschek's left diverticulum (arrow). O) Section through c in L showing expression in epidermis on left side and in wall of Hatschek's nephridium (arrow). P) Section through d in L with expression in mesoderm cells near rudiment of second gill slit. Q) Side view of anterior end of later larva with expression in Hatschek's nephridium (single arrow) and in epidermis bordering upper lip of mouth (twin arrows). R) Section through a in Q, at level of mouth (arrow), showing expression in upper lip epidermis and in underlying Hatschek's nephridium.
Appel,
Motoneuron fate specification revealed by patterned LIM homeobox gene expression in embryonic zebrafish.
1995, Pubmed
Appel,
Motoneuron fate specification revealed by patterned LIM homeobox gene expression in embryonic zebrafish.
1995,
Pubmed
Barnes,
Embryonic expression of Lim-1, the mouse homolog of Xenopus Xlim-1, suggests a role in lateral mesoderm differentiation and neurogenesis.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Beck,
Analysis of the developing Xenopus tail bud reveals separate phases of gene expression during determination and outgrowth.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Dehal,
The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins.
2002,
Pubmed
Force,
Preservation of duplicate genes by complementary, degenerative mutations.
1999,
Pubmed
Hiratani,
Functional domains of the LIM homeodomain protein Xlim-1 involved in negative regulation, transactivation, and axis formation in Xenopus embryos.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Houston,
The Xenopus LIM-homeodomain protein Xlim5 regulates the differential adhesion properties of early ectoderm cells.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hukriede,
Conserved requirement of Lim1 function for cell movements during gastrulation.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Jackman,
islet reveals segmentation in the Amphioxus hindbrain homolog.
2000,
Pubmed
Kawasaki,
Lim1 related homeobox gene (HpLim1) expressed in sea urchin embryos.
1999,
Pubmed
Kodjabachian,
A study of Xlim1 function in the Spemann-Mangold organizer.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kudoh,
Role of the iroquois3 homeobox gene in organizer formation.
2001,
Pubmed
Langeland,
An amphioxus snail gene: expression in paraxial mesoderm and neural plate suggests a conserved role in patterning the chordate embryo.
1998,
Pubmed
Lowe,
Anteroposterior patterning in hemichordates and the origins of the chordate nervous system.
2003,
Pubmed
Mochizuki,
Xlim-1 and LIM domain binding protein 1 cooperate with various transcription factors in the regulation of the goosecoid promoter.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Moreno,
LIM-homeodomain genes as developmental and adult genetic markers of Xenopus forebrain functional subdivisions.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Neidert,
Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate.
2000,
Pubmed
Nishioka,
Ssdp1 regulates head morphogenesis of mouse embryos by activating the Lim1-Ldb1 complex.
2005,
Pubmed
Perea-Gómez,
HNF3beta and Lim1 interact in the visceral endoderm to regulate primitive streak formation and anterior-posterior polarity in the mouse embryo.
1999,
Pubmed
Rebbert,
Transcriptional regulation of the Xlim-1 gene by activin is mediated by an element in intron I.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Satou,
Early embryonic expression of a LIM-homeobox gene Cs-lhx3 is downstream of beta-catenin and responsible for the endoderm differentiation in Ciona savignyi embryos.
2001,
Pubmed
Schmidt,
TREE-PUZZLE: maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using quartets and parallel computing.
2002,
Pubmed
Shawlot,
Requirement for Lim1 in head-organizer function.
1995,
Pubmed
Sheng,
Expression of murine Lhx5 suggests a role in specifying the forebrain.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Shimono,
Isolation of novel cDNAs by subtractions between the anterior mesendoderm of single mouse gastrula stage embryos.
1999,
Pubmed
Taira,
The LIM domain-containing homeo box gene Xlim-1 is expressed specifically in the organizer region of Xenopus gastrula embryos.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Taira,
Expression of the LIM class homeobox gene Xlim-1 in pronephros and CNS cell lineages of Xenopus embryos is affected by retinoic acid and exogastrulation.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tam,
Regionalization of cell fates and cell movement in the endoderm of the mouse gastrula and the impact of loss of Lhx1(Lim1) function.
2004,
Pubmed
Thompson,
The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.
1997,
Pubmed
Toyama,
Nodal induces ectopic goosecoid and lim1 expression and axis duplication in zebrafish.
1995,
Pubmed
Toyama,
The LIM class homeobox gene lim5: implied role in CNS patterning in Xenopus and zebrafish.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Toyama,
lim6, a novel LIM homeobox gene in the zebrafish: comparison of its expression pattern with lim1.
1997,
Pubmed
Wang,
Expression of Bblhx3, a LIM-homeobox gene, in the development of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense.
2002,
Pubmed
Xanthos,
The roles of three signaling pathways in the formation and function of the Spemann Organizer.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Yamamoto,
Molecular link in the sequential induction of the Spemann organizer: direct activation of the cerberus gene by Xlim-1, Xotx2, Mix.1, and Siamois, immediately downstream from Nodal and Wnt signaling.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Yu,
An amphioxus nodal gene (AmphiNodal) with early symmetrical expression in the organizer and mesoderm and later asymmetrical expression associated with left-right axis formation.
2002,
Pubmed
Zhao,
Control of hippocampal morphogenesis and neuronal differentiation by the LIM homeobox gene Lhx5.
1999,
Pubmed
