Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Braz J Med Biol Res
2012 Aug 01;458:730-6. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500088.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
The expression of melanopsin and clock genes in Xenopus laevis melanophores and their modulation by melatonin.
Bluhm AP
,
Obeid NN
,
Castrucci AM
,
Visconti MA
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Vertebrates have a central clock and also several peripheral clocks. Light responses might result from the integration of light signals by these clocks. The dermal melanophores of Xenopus laevis have a photoreceptor molecule denominated melanopsin (OPN4x). The mechanisms of the circadian clock involve positive and negative feedback. We hypothesize that these dermal melanophores also present peripheral clock characteristics. Using quantitative PCR, we analyzed the pattern of temporal expression of Opn4x and the clock genes Per1, Per2, Bmal1, and Clock in these cells, subjected to a 14-h light:10-h dark (14L:10D) regime or constant darkness (DD). Also, in view of the physiological role of melatonin in the dermal melanophores of X. laevis, we determined whether melatonin modulates the expression of these clock genes. These genes show a time-dependent expression pattern when these cells are exposed to 14L:10D, which differs from the pattern observed under DD. Cells kept in DD for 5 days exhibited overall increased mRNA expression for Opn4x and Clock, and a lower expression for Per1, Per2, and Bmal1. When the cells were kept in DD for 5 days and treated with melatonin for 1 h, 24 h before extraction, the mRNA levels tended to decrease for Opn4x and Clock, did not change for Bmal1, and increased for Per1 and Per2 at different Zeitgeber times (ZT). Although these data are limited to one-day data collection, and therefore preliminary, we suggest that the dermal melanophores of X. laevis might have some characteristics of a peripheral clock, and that melatonin modulates, to a certain extent, melanopsin and clock gene expression.
Figure 2. Relative Clock expression under a 14-h light:10-h dark (14L:10D) regime, constant darkness (DD) or DD plus 1.0 nM melatonin. Each point is the mean ± SEM for 6-10 cultures. * and **P < 0.05 for time course differences in 14L:10D and DD, respectively (ANOVA followed by the Tukey test).
Figure 3. Relative Bmal1 expression under a 14-h light:10-h dark (14L:10D) regime, constant darkness (DD) or DD plus 1.0 nM melatonin. Each point is the mean ± SEM for 6-10 cultures. * and **P < 0.05 for time course differences in 14L:10D and DD, respectively (ANOVA followed by the Tukey test).
Figure 4. Relative Per1 expression under a 14-h light:10-h dark (14L:10D) regime, constant darkness (DD) or DD plus 1.0 nM melatonin. Each point is the mean ± SEM for 6-10 cultures. * and **P < 0.05 for time course differences in 14L:10D and DD + melatonin, respectively (ANOVA followed by the Tukey test).
Figure 5. Relative Per2 expression under a 14-h light:10-h dark (14L:10D) regime, constant darkness (DD) or DD plus 1.0 nM melatonin. Each point is the mean ± SEM for 6-10 cultures. *, ** and ***P < 0.05 for time course differences in 14L:10D, DD and DD + melatonin, respectively (ANOVA followed by the Tukey test).
Abe,
Circadian rhythms in isolated brain regions.
2002, Pubmed
Abe,
Circadian rhythms in isolated brain regions.
2002,
Pubmed
Albrecht,
The mammalian circadian clock.
2003,
Pubmed
Bartell,
Period and phase control in a multioscillatory circadian system (Iguana iguana).
2004,
Pubmed
Bell-Pedersen,
Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: lessons from diverse organisms.
2005,
Pubmed
Besharse,
Regulation of photoreceptor Per1 and Per2 by light, dopamine and a circadian clock.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Cajochen,
Evening exposure to blue light stimulates the expression of the clock gene PER2 in humans.
2006,
Pubmed
Carr,
Imaging of single light-responsive clock cells reveals fluctuating free-running periods.
2005,
Pubmed
Costa,
Daily rhythm of lactate dehydrogenase in rat (Rattus norvegicus) carrying a Per1-luciferase transgene: assessment on serum and liver.
2005,
Pubmed
Davidson,
Cardiovascular tissues contain independent circadian clocks.
2005,
Pubmed
Durgan,
The circadian clock within the cardiomyocyte is essential for responsiveness of the heart to fatty acids.
2006,
Pubmed
Farhat,
Melanopsin and clock genes: regulation by light and endothelin in the zebrafish ZEM-2S cell line.
2009,
Pubmed
Filadelfi,
Comparative aspects of the pineal/melatonin system of poikilothermic vertebrates.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hardeland,
Non-vertebrate melatonin.
2003,
Pubmed
Hirota,
Resetting mechanism of central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals.
2004,
Pubmed
Im,
Rhythmic expression, light entrainment and alpha-MSH modulation of rhodopsin mRNA in a teleost pigment cell line.
2007,
Pubmed
Isoldi,
Rhabdomeric phototransduction initiated by the vertebrate photopigment melanopsin.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ko,
Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock.
2006,
Pubmed
Levi,
Circadian rhythms: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.
2007,
Pubmed
Markus,
The immune-pineal axis: a shuttle between endocrine and paracrine melatonin sources.
2007,
Pubmed
Moriya,
Light-sensitive response in melanophores of Xenopus laevis: I. Spectral characteristics of melanophore response in isolated tail fin of Xenopus tadpole.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Nayak,
Role of a novel photopigment, melanopsin, in behavioral adaptation to light.
2007,
Pubmed
Okamura,
Molecular machinery of the circadian clock in mammals.
2002,
Pubmed
Panda,
Melanopsin is required for non-image-forming photic responses in blind mice.
2003,
Pubmed
Peng,
Drosophila free-running rhythms require intercellular communication.
2003,
Pubmed
Provencio,
A novel human opsin in the inner retina.
2000,
Pubmed
Provencio,
Photoreceptive net in the mammalian retina. This mesh of cells may explain how some blind mice can still tell day from night.
2002,
Pubmed
Provencio,
Melanopsin: An opsin in melanophores, brain, and eye.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Reppert,
Coordination of circadian timing in mammals.
2002,
Pubmed
Rollag,
Cultured amphibian melanophores: a model system to study melanopsin photobiology.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Rollag,
Melanopsin, ganglion-cell photoreceptors, and mammalian photoentrainment.
2003,
Pubmed
Terakita,
The opsins.
2005,
Pubmed
Tosini,
Photic and circadian regulation of retinal melatonin in mammals.
2003,
Pubmed
Whitmore,
Light acts directly on organs and cells in culture to set the vertebrate circadian clock.
2000,
Pubmed
Yoo,
PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues.
2004,
Pubmed
Yoshikawa,
Effects of preparation time on phase of cultured tissues reveal complexity of circadian organization.
2005,
Pubmed
Zawilska,
Physiology and pharmacology of melatonin in relation to biological rhythms.
2009,
Pubmed
Zhuang,
Differential regulation of two period genes in the Xenopus eye.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase