Mottier A et al. (2016), Surface Area of Carbon Nanoparticles: A Dose Me...

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Nano Lett 2016 Jun 08;166:3514-8. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00348.

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Surface Area of Carbon Nanoparticles: A Dose Metric for a More Realistic Ecotoxicological Assessment.

Mottier A , Mouchet F , Laplanche C , Cadarsi S , Lagier L , Arnault JC , Girard HA , León V , Vázquez E , Sarrieu C , Pinelli É , Gauthier L , Flahaut E .

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Engineered nanoparticles such as graphenes, nanodiamonds, and carbon nanotubes correspond to different allotropes of carbon and are among the best candidates for applications in fast-growing nanotechnology. It is thus likely that they may get into the environment at each step of their life cycle: production, use, and disposal. The aquatic compartment concentrates pollutants and is expected to be especially impacted. The toxicity of a compound is conventionally evaluated using mass concentration as a quantitative measure of exposure. However, several studies have highlighted that such a metric is not the best descriptor at the nanoscale. Here we compare the inhibition of Xenopus laevis larvae growth after in vivo exposure to different carbon nanoparticles for 12 days using different dose metrics and clearly show that surface area is the most relevant descriptor of toxicity for different types of carbon allotropes.

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Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: fgfr1

Phenotypes: Xla Wt + Carbon (Fig 2. and graphical abstract)

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	Graphical Abstract: Xenopus laevis exposure to carbon allotropes (nanoparticles) with different surface areas. (Reprinted with permission from Nano Letters, Copyright 2016, American Chemical society).
	Figure 2. Growth inhibition in X. laevis larvae after a 12 day exposure to FLG, NDs, DWCNTs, and MWCNTs. Normalized size (%) is plotted vs the base-10 logarithms of three different metrics: mass concentration (mg·L−1), number concentration (L−1), and surface area concentration (m2·L−1). Black dashed lines represent nonlinear regression model predictions, and shaded areas are 95% confidence intervals (CIs) on these. The 95% CIs on the mean sizes, which were computed from the experimental assays, are represented as vertical error bars. (Reprinted with permission from Nano Letters, Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society).
	Figure 1. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs of (a) DWCNTs, (b) MWCNTs, (c) NDs, and (d) FLG. (Reprinted with permission from Nano Letters, Copyright 2016, American Chemical society).