XB-ART-54803
Dev Dyn
January 1, 2018;
247
(7):
903-913.
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Tbx2 is required for the suppression of mesendoderm during early Xenopus development.
Teegala S
,
Chauhan R
,
Lei E
,
Weinstein DC
.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: T-box family proteins are DNA-binding transcriptional regulators that play crucial roles during germ layer formation in the early vertebrate embryo. Well-characterized members of this family, including the transcriptional activators Brachyury and VegT, are essential for the proper formation of mesoderm and endoderm, respectively. To date, T-box proteins have not been shown to play a role in the promotion of the third primary germ layer, ectoderm. RESULTS: Here, we report that the T-box factor Tbx2 is both sufficient and necessary for ectodermal differentiation in the frog Xenopus laevis. Tbx2 is expressed zygotically in the presumptive ectoderm, during blastula and gastrula stages. Ectopic expression of Tbx2 represses mesoderm and endoderm, while loss of Tbx2 leads to inappropriate expression of mesoderm- and endoderm-specific genes in the region fated to give rise to ectoderm. Misexpression of Tbx2 also promotes neural tissue in animal cap explants, suggesting that Tbx2 plays a role in both the establishment of ectodermal fate and its dorsoventral patterning. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies demonstrate that Tbx2 functions as a transcriptional repressor during germ layer formation, and suggest that this activity is mediated in part through repression of target genes that are stimulated, in the mesendoderm, by transactivating T-box proteins. Taken together, our results point to a critical role for Tbx2 in limiting the potency of blastula-stage progenitor cells during vertebrate germ layer differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 247:903-913, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PubMed ID: 29633424
PMC ID: PMC6105467
Article link: Dev Dyn
Grant support: [+]
Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: bix1.3 bmp4 chrd.1 dand5 dll1 eomes flrt3 foxi1 gdf3 gsc krt12.4 mab21l3 nodal sox17b.1 sox2 sox3 szl tbx2 tbx4 tbx5 tbxt vegt ventx2.1 ventx2.2 wnt11 wnt11b wnt8a
GO keywords: dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning [+]
Morpholinos: foxi1 MO3 foxi1 MO6 tbx2 MO5
Article Images: [+] show captions
References [+] :
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The T-box transcription factor Tbx2: its role in development and possible implication in cancer.
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Afouda, Different requirements for GATA factors in cardiogenesis are mediated by non-canonical Wnt signaling. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ariizumi, Concentration-dependent inducing activity of activin A. 2017, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ariizumi, Dose and time-dependent mesoderm induction and outgrowth formation by activin A in Xenopus laevis. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bassez, Post-transcriptional regulation of ornithine decarboxylase in Xenopus laevis oocytes. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bell, Cell fate specification and competence by Coco, a maternal BMP, TGFbeta and Wnt inhibitor. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bjornson, Eomesodermin is a localized maternal determinant required for endoderm induction in zebrafish. 2005, Pubmed
Bollag, An ancient family of embryonically expressed mouse genes sharing a conserved protein motif with the T locus. 1994, Pubmed
Böttcher, The transmembrane protein XFLRT3 forms a complex with FGF receptors and promotes FGF signalling. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Carreira, Brachyury-related transcription factor Tbx2 and repression of the melanocyte-specific TRP-1 promoter. 1998, Pubmed
Casey, Bix4 is activated directly by VegT and mediates endoderm formation in Xenopus development. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Chalmers, Intrinsic differences between the superficial and deep layers of the Xenopus ectoderm control primary neuronal differentiation. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cho, Role of Tbx2 in defining the territory of the pronephric nephron. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cho, Tbx2 regulates anterior neural specification by repressing FGF signaling pathway. 2017, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cho, Molecular nature of Spemann's organizer: the role of the Xenopus homeobox gene goosecoid. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Christian, Xwnt-8, a Xenopus Wnt-1/int-1-related gene responsive to mesoderm-inducing growth factors, may play a role in ventral mesodermal patterning during embryogenesis. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Clements, Mode of action of VegT in mesoderm and endoderm formation. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Collavin, The secreted Frizzled-related protein Sizzled functions as a negative feedback regulator of extreme ventral mesoderm. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Conlon, Inhibition of Xbra transcription activation causes defects in mesodermal patterning and reveals autoregulation of Xbra in dorsal mesoderm. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Conlon, Determinants of T box protein specificity. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Conlon, Interference with brachyury function inhibits convergent extension, causes apoptosis, and reveals separate requirements in the FGF and activin signalling pathways. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cunliffe, Ectopic mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos caused by widespread expression of a Brachyury homologue. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Davenport, Mammary gland, limb and yolk sac defects in mice lacking Tbx3, the gene mutated in human ulnar mammary syndrome. 2003, Pubmed
Dupont, Germ-layer specification and control of cell growth by Ectodermin, a Smad4 ubiquitin ligase. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Faial, Brachyury and SMAD signalling collaboratively orchestrate distinct mesoderm and endoderm gene regulatory networks in differentiating human embryonic stem cells. 2015, Pubmed
Fainsod, The dorsalizing and neural inducing gene follistatin is an antagonist of BMP-4. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gentsch, In vivo T-box transcription factor profiling reveals joint regulation of embryonic neuromesodermal bipotency. 2014, Pubmed , Xenbase
Graff, Studies with a Xenopus BMP receptor suggest that ventral mesoderm-inducing signals override dorsal signals in vivo. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Harland, Formation and function of Spemann's organizer. 1998, Pubmed
Harland, In situ hybridization: an improved whole-mount method for Xenopus embryos. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Harrelson, Tbx2 is essential for patterning the atrioventricular canal and for morphogenesis of the outflow tract during heart development. 2004, Pubmed
Heasman, Maternal determinants of embryonic cell fate. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hemmati-Brivanlou, Inhibition of activin receptor signaling promotes neuralization in Xenopus. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Henningfeld, Smad1 and Smad4 are components of the bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4)-induced transcription complex of the Xvent-2B promoter. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hikasa, Regulation of TCF3 by Wnt-dependent phosphorylation during vertebrate axis specification. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Horb, A vegetally localized T-box transcription factor in Xenopus eggs specifies mesoderm and endoderm and is essential for embryonic mesoderm formation. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hudson, Xsox17alpha and -beta mediate endoderm formation in Xenopus. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Irizarry, Exploration, normalization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotide array probe level data. 2003, Pubmed
Jacobs, Senescence bypass screen identifies TBX2, which represses Cdkn2a (p19(ARF)) and is amplified in a subset of human breast cancers. 2000, Pubmed
Jonas, Epidermal keratin gene expressed in embryos of Xenopus laevis. 1985, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kessler, Siamois is required for formation of Spemann's organizer. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lee, Transcriptional regulation of Xbr-1a/Xvent-2 homeobox gene: analysis of its promoter region. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lustig, Expression cloning of a Xenopus T-related gene (Xombi) involved in mesodermal patterning and blastopore lip formation. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mahlapuu, The forkhead transcription factor Foxf1 is required for differentiation of extra-embryonic and lateral plate mesoderm. 2001, Pubmed
Marom, Patterning of the mesoderm involves several threshold responses to BMP-4 and Xwnt-8. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Messenger, Functional specificity of the Xenopus T-domain protein Brachyury is conferred by its ability to interact with Smad1. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mir, FoxI1e activates ectoderm formation and controls cell position in the Xenopus blastula. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Miyazaki, mNanog possesses dorsal mesoderm-inducing ability by modulating both BMP and Activin/nodal signaling in Xenopus ectodermal cells. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Naiche, T-box genes in vertebrate development. 2006, Pubmed
Onichtchouk, Silencing of TGF-beta signalling by the pseudoreceptor BAMBI. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Oropeza, Transient expression of Ngn3 in Xenopus endoderm promotes early and ectopic development of pancreatic beta and delta cells. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Paxton, Murine Tbx2 contains domains that activate and repress gene transcription. 2002, Pubmed
Rao, Conversion of a mesodermalizing molecule, the Xenopus Brachyury gene, into a neuralizing factor. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Rastegar, Transcriptional regulation of Xvent homeobox genes. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Reversade, Depletion of Bmp2, Bmp4, Bmp7 and Spemann organizer signals induces massive brain formation in Xenopus embryos. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Rogers, Neural induction and factors that stabilize a neural fate. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ryan, Eomesodermin, a key early gene in Xenopus mesoderm differentiation. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sasai, Ectodermal factor restricts mesoderm differentiation by inhibiting p53. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sasai, Xenopus chordin: a novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer-specific homeobox genes. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schlosser, Molecular anatomy of placode development in Xenopus laevis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Showell, T-box genes in early embryogenesis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Showell, Developmental expression patterns of Tbx1, Tbx2, Tbx5, and Tbx20 in Xenopus tropicalis. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Singh, Tbx20 interacts with smads to confine tbx2 expression to the atrioventricular canal. 2009, Pubmed
Sinha, Differential DNA binding and transcription modulation by three T-box proteins, T, TBX1 and TBX2. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Smith, Injected Xwnt-8 RNA acts early in Xenopus embryos to promote formation of a vegetal dorsalizing center. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Smith, Expression of a Xenopus homolog of Brachyury (T) is an immediate-early response to mesoderm induction. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sridharan, Xmab21l3 mediates dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus laevis. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Stennard, The Xenopus T-box gene, Antipodean, encodes a vegetally localised maternal mRNA and can trigger mesoderm formation. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sun, derrière: a TGF-beta family member required for posterior development in Xenopus. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Suri, Xema, a foxi-class gene expressed in the gastrula stage Xenopus ectoderm, is required for the suppression of mesendoderm. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Suri, Inhibition of mesodermal fate by Xenopus HNF3beta/FoxA2. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tada, Bix1, a direct target of Xenopus T-box genes, causes formation of ventral mesoderm and endoderm. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tada, T-targets: clues to understanding the functions of T-box proteins. 2001, Pubmed
Tada, Xwnt11 is a target of Xenopus Brachyury: regulation of gastrulation movements via Dishevelled, but not through the canonical Wnt pathway. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Takabatake, Conserved and divergent expression of T-box genes Tbx2-Tbx5 in Xenopus. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Takahashi, mab21-l3 regulates cell fate specification of multiciliate cells and ionocytes. 2015, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tao, BMP4-dependent expression of Xenopus Grainyhead-like 1 is essential for epidermal differentiation. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Uwanogho, Embryonic expression of the chicken Sox2, Sox3 and Sox11 genes suggests an interactive role in neuronal development. 1995, Pubmed
Weidgang, TBX3 Directs Cell-Fate Decision toward Mesendoderm. 2015, Pubmed , Xenbase
Weinstein, Neural induction. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wettenhall, affylmGUI: a graphical user interface for linear modeling of single channel microarray data. 2006, Pubmed
White, Direct and indirect regulation of derrière, a Xenopus mesoderm-inducing factor, by VegT. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Whitman, Nodal signaling in early vertebrate embryos: themes and variations. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wills, BMP antagonists and FGF signaling contribute to different domains of the neural plate in Xenopus. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wilson, Induction of epidermis and inhibition of neural fate by Bmp-4. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yun, Negative regulation of Activin/Nodal signaling by SRF during Xenopus gastrulation. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zhang, Xenopus VegT RNA is localized to the vegetal cortex during oogenesis and encodes a novel T-box transcription factor involved in mesodermal patterning. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zhang, The role of maternal VegT in establishing the primary germ layers in Xenopus embryos. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zhu, A SMAD ubiquitin ligase targets the BMP pathway and affects embryonic pattern formation. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Afouda, Different requirements for GATA factors in cardiogenesis are mediated by non-canonical Wnt signaling. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ariizumi, Concentration-dependent inducing activity of activin A. 2017, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ariizumi, Dose and time-dependent mesoderm induction and outgrowth formation by activin A in Xenopus laevis. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bassez, Post-transcriptional regulation of ornithine decarboxylase in Xenopus laevis oocytes. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bell, Cell fate specification and competence by Coco, a maternal BMP, TGFbeta and Wnt inhibitor. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bjornson, Eomesodermin is a localized maternal determinant required for endoderm induction in zebrafish. 2005, Pubmed
Bollag, An ancient family of embryonically expressed mouse genes sharing a conserved protein motif with the T locus. 1994, Pubmed
Böttcher, The transmembrane protein XFLRT3 forms a complex with FGF receptors and promotes FGF signalling. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Carreira, Brachyury-related transcription factor Tbx2 and repression of the melanocyte-specific TRP-1 promoter. 1998, Pubmed
Casey, Bix4 is activated directly by VegT and mediates endoderm formation in Xenopus development. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Chalmers, Intrinsic differences between the superficial and deep layers of the Xenopus ectoderm control primary neuronal differentiation. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cho, Role of Tbx2 in defining the territory of the pronephric nephron. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cho, Tbx2 regulates anterior neural specification by repressing FGF signaling pathway. 2017, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cho, Molecular nature of Spemann's organizer: the role of the Xenopus homeobox gene goosecoid. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Christian, Xwnt-8, a Xenopus Wnt-1/int-1-related gene responsive to mesoderm-inducing growth factors, may play a role in ventral mesodermal patterning during embryogenesis. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Clements, Mode of action of VegT in mesoderm and endoderm formation. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Collavin, The secreted Frizzled-related protein Sizzled functions as a negative feedback regulator of extreme ventral mesoderm. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Conlon, Inhibition of Xbra transcription activation causes defects in mesodermal patterning and reveals autoregulation of Xbra in dorsal mesoderm. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Conlon, Determinants of T box protein specificity. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Conlon, Interference with brachyury function inhibits convergent extension, causes apoptosis, and reveals separate requirements in the FGF and activin signalling pathways. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cunliffe, Ectopic mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos caused by widespread expression of a Brachyury homologue. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Davenport, Mammary gland, limb and yolk sac defects in mice lacking Tbx3, the gene mutated in human ulnar mammary syndrome. 2003, Pubmed
Dupont, Germ-layer specification and control of cell growth by Ectodermin, a Smad4 ubiquitin ligase. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Faial, Brachyury and SMAD signalling collaboratively orchestrate distinct mesoderm and endoderm gene regulatory networks in differentiating human embryonic stem cells. 2015, Pubmed
Fainsod, The dorsalizing and neural inducing gene follistatin is an antagonist of BMP-4. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gentsch, In vivo T-box transcription factor profiling reveals joint regulation of embryonic neuromesodermal bipotency. 2014, Pubmed , Xenbase
Graff, Studies with a Xenopus BMP receptor suggest that ventral mesoderm-inducing signals override dorsal signals in vivo. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Harland, Formation and function of Spemann's organizer. 1998, Pubmed
Harland, In situ hybridization: an improved whole-mount method for Xenopus embryos. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Harrelson, Tbx2 is essential for patterning the atrioventricular canal and for morphogenesis of the outflow tract during heart development. 2004, Pubmed
Heasman, Maternal determinants of embryonic cell fate. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hemmati-Brivanlou, Inhibition of activin receptor signaling promotes neuralization in Xenopus. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Henningfeld, Smad1 and Smad4 are components of the bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4)-induced transcription complex of the Xvent-2B promoter. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hikasa, Regulation of TCF3 by Wnt-dependent phosphorylation during vertebrate axis specification. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Horb, A vegetally localized T-box transcription factor in Xenopus eggs specifies mesoderm and endoderm and is essential for embryonic mesoderm formation. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hudson, Xsox17alpha and -beta mediate endoderm formation in Xenopus. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Irizarry, Exploration, normalization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotide array probe level data. 2003, Pubmed
Jacobs, Senescence bypass screen identifies TBX2, which represses Cdkn2a (p19(ARF)) and is amplified in a subset of human breast cancers. 2000, Pubmed
Jonas, Epidermal keratin gene expressed in embryos of Xenopus laevis. 1985, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kessler, Siamois is required for formation of Spemann's organizer. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lee, Transcriptional regulation of Xbr-1a/Xvent-2 homeobox gene: analysis of its promoter region. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lustig, Expression cloning of a Xenopus T-related gene (Xombi) involved in mesodermal patterning and blastopore lip formation. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mahlapuu, The forkhead transcription factor Foxf1 is required for differentiation of extra-embryonic and lateral plate mesoderm. 2001, Pubmed
Marom, Patterning of the mesoderm involves several threshold responses to BMP-4 and Xwnt-8. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Messenger, Functional specificity of the Xenopus T-domain protein Brachyury is conferred by its ability to interact with Smad1. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mir, FoxI1e activates ectoderm formation and controls cell position in the Xenopus blastula. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Miyazaki, mNanog possesses dorsal mesoderm-inducing ability by modulating both BMP and Activin/nodal signaling in Xenopus ectodermal cells. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Naiche, T-box genes in vertebrate development. 2006, Pubmed
Onichtchouk, Silencing of TGF-beta signalling by the pseudoreceptor BAMBI. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Oropeza, Transient expression of Ngn3 in Xenopus endoderm promotes early and ectopic development of pancreatic beta and delta cells. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Paxton, Murine Tbx2 contains domains that activate and repress gene transcription. 2002, Pubmed
Rao, Conversion of a mesodermalizing molecule, the Xenopus Brachyury gene, into a neuralizing factor. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Rastegar, Transcriptional regulation of Xvent homeobox genes. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Reversade, Depletion of Bmp2, Bmp4, Bmp7 and Spemann organizer signals induces massive brain formation in Xenopus embryos. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Rogers, Neural induction and factors that stabilize a neural fate. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ryan, Eomesodermin, a key early gene in Xenopus mesoderm differentiation. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sasai, Ectodermal factor restricts mesoderm differentiation by inhibiting p53. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sasai, Xenopus chordin: a novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer-specific homeobox genes. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schlosser, Molecular anatomy of placode development in Xenopus laevis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Showell, T-box genes in early embryogenesis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Showell, Developmental expression patterns of Tbx1, Tbx2, Tbx5, and Tbx20 in Xenopus tropicalis. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Singh, Tbx20 interacts with smads to confine tbx2 expression to the atrioventricular canal. 2009, Pubmed
Sinha, Differential DNA binding and transcription modulation by three T-box proteins, T, TBX1 and TBX2. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Smith, Injected Xwnt-8 RNA acts early in Xenopus embryos to promote formation of a vegetal dorsalizing center. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Smith, Expression of a Xenopus homolog of Brachyury (T) is an immediate-early response to mesoderm induction. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sridharan, Xmab21l3 mediates dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus laevis. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Stennard, The Xenopus T-box gene, Antipodean, encodes a vegetally localised maternal mRNA and can trigger mesoderm formation. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sun, derrière: a TGF-beta family member required for posterior development in Xenopus. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Suri, Xema, a foxi-class gene expressed in the gastrula stage Xenopus ectoderm, is required for the suppression of mesendoderm. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Suri, Inhibition of mesodermal fate by Xenopus HNF3beta/FoxA2. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tada, Bix1, a direct target of Xenopus T-box genes, causes formation of ventral mesoderm and endoderm. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tada, T-targets: clues to understanding the functions of T-box proteins. 2001, Pubmed
Tada, Xwnt11 is a target of Xenopus Brachyury: regulation of gastrulation movements via Dishevelled, but not through the canonical Wnt pathway. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Takabatake, Conserved and divergent expression of T-box genes Tbx2-Tbx5 in Xenopus. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Takahashi, mab21-l3 regulates cell fate specification of multiciliate cells and ionocytes. 2015, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tao, BMP4-dependent expression of Xenopus Grainyhead-like 1 is essential for epidermal differentiation. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Uwanogho, Embryonic expression of the chicken Sox2, Sox3 and Sox11 genes suggests an interactive role in neuronal development. 1995, Pubmed
Weidgang, TBX3 Directs Cell-Fate Decision toward Mesendoderm. 2015, Pubmed , Xenbase
Weinstein, Neural induction. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wettenhall, affylmGUI: a graphical user interface for linear modeling of single channel microarray data. 2006, Pubmed
White, Direct and indirect regulation of derrière, a Xenopus mesoderm-inducing factor, by VegT. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Whitman, Nodal signaling in early vertebrate embryos: themes and variations. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wills, BMP antagonists and FGF signaling contribute to different domains of the neural plate in Xenopus. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wilson, Induction of epidermis and inhibition of neural fate by Bmp-4. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yun, Negative regulation of Activin/Nodal signaling by SRF during Xenopus gastrulation. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zhang, Xenopus VegT RNA is localized to the vegetal cortex during oogenesis and encodes a novel T-box transcription factor involved in mesodermal patterning. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zhang, The role of maternal VegT in establishing the primary germ layers in Xenopus embryos. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zhu, A SMAD ubiquitin ligase targets the BMP pathway and affects embryonic pattern formation. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase