Tokmakov AA , Stefanov VE , Sato KI .

             gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone activity
             ovulation
             luteinizing hormone signaling pathway involved in ovarian follicle development

	FIGURE 1. In vivo and in vitro ovulation of frog oocytes. In vivo, favorable environmental factors initiate a hormonal cascade via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, to cause oocyte ovulation resulting in egg spawning. In vitro, oocyte ovulation can be induced in the ovarian fragments or isolated ovarian follicles by pituitary extracts, or luteinizing hormone (LH), or human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), a functional analog of LH, or multiple steroid hormones.
	FIGURE 2. Major events of ovulation in the mammalian ovarian follicle (see details in the text).
	FIGURE 3. Signaling pathways of Xenopus oocyte maturation. Molecular components of CSF and MPF are colored green and orange, correspondingly. The components of MPF auto-amplification loops mediated by polo-like kinase (Plx1) and Greatwall kinase (Gwl) are presented in light blue, and the factors involved in the initiation of egg maturation are shown in gray. Detailed explanations are provided in the text (see section “Maturation”).
	FIGURE 4. Timing of maturation and follicle rupture during Xenopus oocyte ovulation. Progression of meiotic maturation in the developed in vitro ovulation model (Tokmakov et al., 2019) was judged by appearance of a white spot (WS) on the animal hemisphere of oocytes, reflecting germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), and occurrence of follicular rapture (FR) was defined by the loss of the follicle layer (FL). (A) Theoretically, two alternative scenarios, GVBD-FR and FR-GVBD, can occur during ovulation, as indicated in the figure. To distinguish between them, the four morphologically different types of cells were counted during hormone-induced ovulation. They included oocytes without WS surrounded by FL (WS-FL+), oocytes with WS and FL (WS + FL+), oocytes without WS and FL (WS–FL–), and oocytes with WS and without FL (WS + FL). The WS-FL + phenotype characterizes original oocyte population, and the WS + FL– phenotype corresponds to ovulated mature eggs. (B) Experimentally observed relative frequencies of the two intermediate phenotypes, WS + FL + and WS–FL–, are very close, indicating that GVBD and FR occur almost simultaneously.

Abrieu, The Polo-like kinase Plx1 is a component of the MPF amplification loop at the G2/M-phase transition of the cell cycle in Xenopus eggs. 1998, Pubmed, Xenbase

Abrieu, The Polo-like kinase Plx1 is a component of the MPF amplification loop at the G2/M-phase transition of the cell cycle in Xenopus eggs. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Aertgeerts, A model of the reactive form of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. 1994, Pubmed
Andrésson, The kinase Eg2 is a component of the Xenopus oocyte progesterone-activated signaling pathway. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ashkenazi, Epidermal growth factor family members: endogenous mediators of the ovulatory response. 2005, Pubmed
Bakos, Physicochemical characterization of progressive changes in the Xenopus laevis egg envelope following oviductal transport and fertilization. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Baulieu, Steroid-induced meiotic division in Xenopus laevis oocytes: surface and calcium. 1978, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bayaa, The classical progesterone receptor mediates Xenopus oocyte maturation through a nongenomic mechanism. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Belloc, A deadenylation negative feedback mechanism governs meiotic metaphase arrest. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Berndtson, Protease activity in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) follicle walls demonstrated by substrate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 1988, Pubmed
Berndtson, Metallo-protease activity increases prior to ovulation in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) follicle walls. 1990, Pubmed
Bishop, Knockdown of Progesterone Receptor (PGR) in Macaque Granulosa Cells Disrupts Ovulation and Progesterone Production. 2016, Pubmed
Blasi, Urokinase and urokinase receptor: a paracrine/autocrine system regulating cell migration and invasiveness. 1993, Pubmed
Bobe, Identification of new participants in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) oocyte maturation and ovulation processes using cDNA microarrays. 2006, Pubmed
Bonnell, Egg jelly layers of Xenopus laevis are unique in ultrastructure and sugar distribution. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Borman, Progesterone promotes oocyte maturation, but not ovulation, in nonhuman primate follicles without a gonadotropin surge. 2004, Pubmed
Breen, Ovulation involves the luteinizing hormone-dependent activation of G(q/11) in granulosa cells. 2013, Pubmed
Browne, Oocyte-follicle cell gap junctions in Xenopus laevis and the effects of gonadotropin on their permeability. 1979, Pubmed , Xenbase
Brun, Oocyte maturation in vitro: contribution of the oviduct to total maturation in Xenopus laevis. 1975, Pubmed , Xenbase
Buccione, FSH-induced expansion of the mouse cumulus oophorus in vitro is dependent upon a specific factor(s) secreted by the oocyte. 1990, Pubmed
Cacioppo, Granulosa cell endothelin-2 expression is fundamental for ovulatory follicle rupture. 2017, Pubmed
Cameron, Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by gonadotropins and cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphates in porcine granulosa cells. 1996, Pubmed
Castilho, The M phase kinase Greatwall (Gwl) promotes inactivation of PP2A/B55delta, a phosphatase directed against CDK phosphosites. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Castro, Cyclin B/cdc2 induces c-Mos stability by direct phosphorylation in Xenopus oocytes. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Chaffin, Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitor messenger ribonucleic acids in macaque periovulatory granulosa cells: time course and steroid regulation. 1999, Pubmed
Chaffin, Local role of progesterone in the ovary during the periovulatory interval. 2002, Pubmed
Chang, Prostaglandin production and ovulation during exposure of amphibian ovarian follicles to gonadotropin or phorbol ester in vitro. 1995, Pubmed
Crespo, Luteinizing hormone stimulation of in vitro ovulation in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) involves follicle contraction and activation of proteolytic genes. 2013, Pubmed
Curry, The matrix metalloproteinase system: changes, regulation, and impact throughout the ovarian and uterine reproductive cycle. 2003, Pubmed
DETTLAFF, THE R OLE OF THE GERMINAL VESICLE IN OOECYTE MATURATION IN ANURANS AS REVEALED BY THE REMOVAL AND TRANSPLANTATION OF NUCLEI. 1964, Pubmed
Das, A stimulatory role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in follicle-stimulating hormone-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in rat ovarian granulosa cells. 1996, Pubmed
Davis, Anovulation in cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mice is restored by prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1beta. 1999, Pubmed
Deady, Matrix metalloproteinase 2 is required for ovulation and corpus luteum formation in Drosophila. 2015, Pubmed
Deady, A Follicle Rupture Assay Reveals an Essential Role for Follicular Adrenergic Signaling in Drosophila Ovulation. 2015, Pubmed
Deady, The zinc-finger transcription factor Hindsight regulates ovulation competency of Drosophila follicles. 2017, Pubmed
Deng, Nongenomic steroid-triggered oocyte maturation: of mice and frogs. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Deng, The Xenopus laevis isoform of G protein-coupled receptor 3 (GPR3) is a constitutively active cell surface receptor that participates in maintaining meiotic arrest in X. laevis oocytes. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Dhillon, Effects of RU486 on cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression, prostaglandin F2alpha synthesis and ovulation in Xenopus laevis. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Diakow, Egg-oviduct interaction initiates reproductive behavior. 1988, Pubmed
Du Pasquier, Unfertilized Xenopus eggs die by Bad-dependent apoptosis under the control of Cdk1 and JNK. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Duckworth, G2 arrest in Xenopus oocytes depends on phosphorylation of cdc25 by protein kinase A. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Duffy, Ovulation: Parallels With Inflammatory Processes. 2019, Pubmed
Dupré, The phosphorylation of ARPP19 by Greatwall renders the auto-amplification of MPF independently of PKA in Xenopus oocytes. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ebisch, Review of the role of the plasminogen activator system and vascular endothelial growth factor in subfertility. 2008, Pubmed
Edry, Meiotic arrest of oocytes depends on cell-to-cell communication in the ovarian follicle. 2006, Pubmed
Einspanier, A local oxytocin system is part of the luteinization process in the preovulatory follicle of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). 1997, Pubmed
Eppig, Oocyte control of ovarian follicular development and function in mammals. 2001, Pubmed
Espey, Effects of epostane on ovarian levels of progesterone, 17 beta-estradiol, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin F2 alpha during ovulation in the gonadotropin-primed immature rat. 1990, Pubmed
Espey, Ovarian proteolytic enzymes and ovulation. 1974, Pubmed
Espey, Ultrastructure of the apex of the rabbit graafian follicle during the ovulatory process. 1967, Pubmed
Evaul, Testosterone and progesterone rapidly attenuate plasma membrane Gbetagamma-mediated signaling in Xenopus laevis oocytes by signaling through classical steroid receptors. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Fan, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP)-α and -β are essential for ovulation, luteinization, and the expression of key target genes. 2011, Pubmed
Fan, MAPK3/1 (ERK1/2) in ovarian granulosa cells are essential for female fertility. 2009, Pubmed
Ferrell, Building a cellular switch: more lessons from a good egg. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ferrell, The biochemical basis of an all-or-none cell fate switch in Xenopus oocytes. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ferrell, Self-perpetuating states in signal transduction: positive feedback, double-negative feedback and bistability. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Finidori-Lepicard, Progesterone inhibits membrane-bound adenylate cyclase in Xenopus laevis oocytes. 1981, Pubmed , Xenbase
Fortune, Production of androgen and estradiol-17 beta by Xenopus ovaries treated with gonadotropins in vitro. 1981, Pubmed , Xenbase
Fortune, Steroid production by Xenopus ovarian follicles at different developmental stages. 1983, Pubmed , Xenbase
Freudzon, Regulation of meiotic prophase arrest in mouse oocytes by GPR3, a constitutive activator of the Gs G protein. 2005, Pubmed
Furuno, Suppression of DNA replication via Mos function during meiotic divisions in Xenopus oocytes. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gallo, Stimulation of Xenopus oocyte maturation by inhibition of the G-protein alpha S subunit, a component of the plasma membrane and yolk platelet membranes. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gharbi-Ayachi, The substrate of Greatwall kinase, Arpp19, controls mitosis by inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gotoh, In vitro effects on microtubule dynamics of purified Xenopus M phase-activated MAP kinase. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Granot, Phosphorylation and expression of connexin-43 ovarian gap junction protein are regulated by luteinizing hormone. 1994, Pubmed
Gross, The critical role of the MAP kinase pathway in meiosis II in Xenopus oocytes is mediated by p90(Rsk). 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gyles, ERKs regulate cyclic AMP-induced steroid synthesis through transcription of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) gene. 2001, Pubmed
Gérard, Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the preovulatory follicle differenciation and ovulation: What do we know in the mare relative to other species. 2019, Pubmed
Haas, The modulator of nongenomic actions of the estrogen receptor (MNAR) regulates transcription-independent androgen receptor-mediated signaling: evidence that MNAR participates in G protein-regulated meiosis in Xenopus laevis oocytes. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Haccard, Naturally occurring steroids in Xenopus oocyte during meiotic maturation. Unexpected presence and role of steroid sulfates. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hajnik, Characterization of a ribonucleic acid transcript from the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) ovary with structural similarities to mammalian adipsin/complement factor D and tissue kallikrein, and the effects of kallikrein-like serine proteases on follicle contraction. 1998, Pubmed
Hammes, Steroids and oocyte maturation--a new look at an old story. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hara, Greatwall kinase and cyclin B-Cdk1 are both critical constituents of M-phase-promoting factor. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Heasman, Fertilization of cultured Xenopus oocytes and use in studies of maternally inherited molecules. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hibbert, Midcycle administration of a progesterone synthesis inhibitor prevents ovulation in primates. 1996, Pubmed
Hikabe, Reconstitution in vitro of the entire cycle of the mouse female germ line. 2016, Pubmed
Hinckley, The G-protein-coupled receptors GPR3 and GPR12 are involved in cAMP signaling and maintenance of meiotic arrest in rodent oocytes. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Howard, The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway stimulates mos mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation during Xenopus oocyte maturation. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Huchon, The pure inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase initiates Xenopus laevis meiotic maturation. A 4-step scheme for meiotic maturation. 1981, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hunt, Maturation promoting factor, cyclin and the control of M-phase. 1989, Pubmed
Iguchi, Unlaid Xenopus eggs degrade by apoptosis in the genital tract. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Inoue, A direct link of the Mos-MAPK pathway to Erp1/Emi2 in meiotic arrest of Xenopus laevis eggs. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Iwabuchi, Residual Cdc2 activity remaining at meiosis I exit is essential for meiotic M-M transition in Xenopus oocyte extracts. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jacobelli, Hormone-induced maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes: effects of different steroids and study of the properties of a progesterone receptor. 1974, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jaffe, Regulation of Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis by Intercellular Communication Within the Ovarian Follicle. 2017, Pubmed
Jamnongjit, Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling is required for normal ovarian steroidogenesis and oocyte maturation. 2005, Pubmed
Jamnongjit, Ovarian steroids: the good, the bad, and the signals that raise them. 2006, Pubmed
Jesam, A prospective, open-label, multicenter study to assess the pharmacodynamics and safety of repeated use of 30 mg ulipristal acetate. 2016, Pubmed
Johnson, Oxidative metabolism of pyruvate is required for meiotic maturation of murine oocytes in vivo. 2007, Pubmed
Josefsberg Ben-Yehoshua, The role of Xenopus membrane progesterone receptor beta in mediating the effect of progesterone on oocyte maturation. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jurek, The Oxytocin Receptor: From Intracellular Signaling to Behavior. 2018, Pubmed
Klangnurak, Fine selection of up-regulated genes during ovulation by in vivo induction of oocyte maturation and ovulation in zebrafish. 2017, Pubmed
Kloc, The maternal store of the xlgv7 mRNA in full-grown oocytes is not required for normal development in Xenopus. 1989, Pubmed , Xenbase
Knapp, Ex vivo Follicle Rupture and in situ Zymography in Drosophila. 2018, Pubmed
Knapp, Steroid signaling in mature follicles is important for Drosophila ovulation. 2017, Pubmed
Konduktorova, [Follicular cells of the amphibian ovary: origin, structure, and functions]. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kumagai, Purification and molecular cloning of Plx1, a Cdc25-regulatory kinase from Xenopus egg extracts. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kwon, Role of cAMP in modulating intrafollicular progesterone levels and oocyte maturation in amphibians (Rana pipiens). 1986, Pubmed
Kwon, Induction of ovulation and oocyte maturation of amphibian (Rana dybowskii) ovarian follicles by protein kinase C activation in vitro. 1992, Pubmed
Kwon, Induction and inhibition of meiotic maturation of amphibian (Rana dybowskii) follicular oocytes by forskolin and cAMP in vitro. 1990, Pubmed
LAVIN, THE TRANSFER OF COELOMIC EGGS BETWEEN FROGS. 1964, Pubmed
Law, How Protein Kinase A Activates Canonical Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Pathways To Promote Granulosa Cell Differentiation. 2017, Pubmed
Lieberman, Oocytic meiosis in cultured rat follicles during inhibition of steroidogenesis. 1976, Pubmed
Lim, Multiple female reproductive failures in cyclooxygenase 2-deficient mice. 1997, Pubmed
Liu, Transcriptomic signatures for ovulation in vertebrates. 2017, Pubmed
Liu, Tissue-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 are coordinately expressed during ovulation in the rhesus monkey. 2004, Pubmed
Liu, Transcription-dependent and transcription-independent functions of the classical progesterone receptor in Xenopus ovaries. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lutz, Evidence that androgens are the primary steroids produced by Xenopus laevis ovaries and may signal through the classical androgen receptor to promote oocyte maturation. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lutz, G protein beta gamma subunits inhibit nongenomic progesterone-induced signaling and maturation in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Evidence for a release of inhibition mechanism for cell cycle progression. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lutz, Selective modulation of genomic and nongenomic androgen responses by androgen receptor ligands. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lydon, Mice lacking progesterone receptor exhibit pleiotropic reproductive abnormalities. 1995, Pubmed
Maller, Progesterone-stimulated meiotic cell division in Xenopus oocytes. Induction by regulatory subunit and inhibition by catalytic subunit of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. 1977, Pubmed , Xenbase
Manna, The role of specific mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades in the regulation of steroidogenesis. 2011, Pubmed
Manna, Mechanisms of epidermal growth factor signaling: regulation of steroid biosynthesis and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in mouse Leydig tumor cells. 2002, Pubmed
Manna, Regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene expression: present and future perspectives. 2009, Pubmed
Marshall, Nuclear envelope assembly after mitosis. 1997, Pubmed
Martinez, Classical Xenopus laevis progesterone receptor associates to the plasma membrane through its ligand-binding domain. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Masui, Oocyte maturation. 1979, Pubmed
Masui, Relative roles of the pituitary, follicle cells, and progesterone in the induction of oocyte maturation in Rana pipiens. 1967, Pubmed
Masui, Cytoplasmic control of nuclear behavior during meiotic maturation of frog oocytes. 1971, Pubmed
Matten, Positive feedback between MAP kinase and Mos during Xenopus oocyte maturation. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Matzuk, Intercellular communication in the mammalian ovary: oocytes carry the conversation. 2002, Pubmed
McCann, The COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam prevents pregnancy when administered as an emergency contraceptive to nonhuman primates. 2013, Pubmed
Mehlmann, The Gs-linked receptor GPR3 maintains meiotic arrest in mammalian oocytes. 2004, Pubmed
Mendez, Phosphorylation of CPE binding factor by Eg2 regulates translation of c-mos mRNA. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Meneau, Translational Control of Xenopus Oocyte Meiosis: Toward the Genomic Era. 2020, Pubmed , Xenbase
Miedlich, Paxillin and embryonic PolyAdenylation Binding Protein (ePABP) engage to regulate androgen-dependent Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation - A model of kinase-dependent regulation of protein expression. 2017, Pubmed , Xenbase
Migone, In vivo imaging reveals an essential role of vasoconstriction in rupture of the ovarian follicle at ovulation. 2016, Pubmed
Mir, How the mother can help: studying maternal Wnt signaling by anti-sense-mediated depletion of maternal mRNAs and the host transfer technique. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mochida, Greatwall phosphorylates an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A that is essential for mitosis. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Morohaku, Complete in vitro generation of fertile oocytes from mouse primordial germ cells. 2016, Pubmed
Mueller, Myt1: a membrane-associated inhibitory kinase that phosphorylates Cdc2 on both threonine-14 and tyrosine-15. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mueller, Cell cycle regulation of a Xenopus Wee1-like kinase. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Munakata, Endocrine control of sexual behavior in teleost fish. 2010, Pubmed
Murdoch, Enhanced degradation of collagen within apical vs. basal wall of ovulatory ovine follicle. 1992, Pubmed
Murray, The role of cyclin synthesis and degradation in the control of maturation promoting factor activity. 1989, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nakajo, Absence of Wee1 ensures the meiotic cell cycle in Xenopus oocytes. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nakajo, Involvement of Chk1 kinase in prophase I arrest of Xenopus oocytes. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Niringiyumukiza, Prostaglandin E2 involvement in mammalian female fertility: ovulation, fertilization, embryo development and early implantation. 2018, Pubmed
Nishiyama, Phosphorylation of Erp1 by p90rsk is required for cytostatic factor arrest in Xenopus laevis eggs. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Norris, Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase activity is required for gap junction closure and for part of the decrease in ovarian follicle cGMP in response to LH. 2010, Pubmed
Norris, Luteinizing hormone causes MAP kinase-dependent phosphorylation and closure of connexin 43 gap junctions in mouse ovarian follicles: one of two paths to meiotic resumption. 2008, Pubmed
Norris, Cyclic GMP from the surrounding somatic cells regulates cyclic AMP and meiosis in the mouse oocyte. 2009, Pubmed
Ny, Matrix remodeling in the ovary: regulation and functional role of the plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase systems. 2002, Pubmed
Ogiwara, Nuclear Progestin Receptor Phosphorylation by Cdk9 Is Required for the Expression of Mmp15, a Protease Indispensable for Ovulation in Medaka. 2019, Pubmed
Ogiwara, The role of urokinase plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in follicle rupture during ovulation in the teleost medaka. 2015, Pubmed
Ogiwara, Apparent involvement of plasmin in early-stage follicle rupture during ovulation in medaka. 2012, Pubmed
Ogiwara, Gelatinase A and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 are responsible for follicle rupture during ovulation in the medaka. 2005, Pubmed
Ogiwara, A new in vitro ovulation model for medaka based on whole ovary culture. 2010, Pubmed
Ohnishi, Functions for proteinases in the ovulatory process. 2005, Pubmed
Olson, Xenopus laevis egg jelly contains small proteins that are essential to fertilization. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Palanisamy, A novel pathway involving progesterone receptor, endothelin-2, and endothelin receptor B controls ovulation in mice. 2006, Pubmed
Palmer, A link between MAP kinase and p34(cdc2)/cyclin B during oocyte maturation: p90(rsk) phosphorylates and inactivates the p34(cdc2) inhibitory kinase Myt1. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Paris, Maturation-specific polyadenylation: in vitro activation by p34cdc2 and phosphorylation of a 58-kD CPE-binding protein. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Park, Transient expression of progesterone receptor messenger RNA in ovarian granulosa cells after the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. 1991, Pubmed
Park, EGF-like growth factors as mediators of LH action in the ovulatory follicle. 2004, Pubmed
Peluffo, Systematic analysis of protease gene expression in the rhesus macaque ovulatory follicle: metalloproteinase involvement in follicle rupture. 2011, Pubmed
Peter, A new role for Mos in Xenopus oocyte maturation: targeting Myt1 independently of MAPK. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Petrino, Cholesterol mediation of progesterone production and oocyte maturation in cultured amphibian (Rana pipiens) ovarian follicles. 1987, Pubmed
Picard, Newly assembled cyclin B-cdc2 kinase is required to suppress DNA replication between meiosis I and meiosis II in starfish oocytes. 1996, Pubmed
Picton, Growth and maturation of oocytes in vitro. 2003, Pubmed
Prochazka, Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/1 activity during meiosis resumption in mammals. 2015, Pubmed
Qian, Activated polo-like kinase Plx1 is required at multiple points during mitosis in Xenopus laevis. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Qian, Purification and cloning of a protein kinase that phosphorylates and activates the polo-like kinase Plx1. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ramos, Modulators of Bufo arenarum ovulation. 2008, Pubmed
Reich, Preovulatory changes in ovarian expression of collagenases and tissue metalloproteinase inhibitor messenger ribonucleic acid: role of eicosanoids. 1991, Pubmed
Reich, The involvement of collagenolysis in ovulation in the rat. 1985, Pubmed
Reynhout, Response of large oocytes of Xenopus laevis to progesterone in vitro in relation to oocyte size and time after previous HCG-induced ovulation. 1975, Pubmed , Xenbase
Richards, Endocrine, Paracrine, and Autocrine Signaling Pathways That Regulate Ovulation. 2018, Pubmed
Robker, Coordination of Ovulation and Oocyte Maturation: A Good Egg at the Right Time. 2018, Pubmed
Robker, Progesterone-regulated genes in the ovulation process: ADAMTS-1 and cathepsin L proteases. 2000, Pubmed
Rondell, Biophysical aspects of ovulation. 1970, Pubmed
Russell, Molecular mechanisms of ovulation: co-ordination through the cumulus complex. 2007, Pubmed
Ríos-Cardona, A role for GPRx, a novel GPR3/6/12-related G-protein coupled receptor, in the maintenance of meiotic arrest in Xenopus laevis oocytes. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sagata, The c-mos proto-oncogene product is a cytostatic factor responsible for meiotic arrest in vertebrate eggs. 1989, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sato, Toward the understanding of biology of oocyte life cycle in Xenopus Laevis: No oocytes left behind. 2020, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schmidt, Mating call phonotaxis in the female American toad: induction by hormones. 1984, Pubmed
Schmidt, Cytostatic factor: an activity that puts the cell cycle on hold. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schorderet-Slatkine, Progesterone-induced meiosis in Xenopus laevis oocytes: a role for cAMP at the "maturation-promoting factor" level. 1978, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schuetz, Effect of steroids on germinal vesicle of oocytes of the frog (Rana pipiens) in vitro. 1967, Pubmed
Schuetz, Evidence for follicle wall involvement in ovulation and progesterone production by frog (Rana pipiens) follicles in vitro. 1982, Pubmed
Schwab, Bub1 is activated by the protein kinase p90(Rsk) during Xenopus oocyte maturation. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schütt, Effect of the Novel Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator Vilaprisan on Ovarian Activity in Healthy Women. 2018, Pubmed
Sela-Abramovich, Disruption of gap junctional communication within the ovarian follicle induces oocyte maturation. 2006, Pubmed
Sen, Understanding extranuclear (nongenomic) androgen signaling: what a frog oocyte can tell us about human biology. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sena, Expression of cyclooxygenase genes and production of prostaglandins during ovulation in the ovarian follicles of Xenopus laevis. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sheng, Co-operation of Gsalpha and Gbetagamma in maintaining G2 arrest in Xenopus oocytes. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Shibuya, G2 cell cycle arrest--a direct link between PKA and Cdc25C. 2003, Pubmed
Shoji, Mammalian Emi2 mediates cytostatic arrest and transduces the signal for meiotic exit via Cdc20. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Shuhaibar, Intercellular signaling via cyclic GMP diffusion through gap junctions restarts meiosis in mouse ovarian follicles. 2015, Pubmed
Simon, Female infertility in mice lacking connexin 37. 1997, Pubmed
Simoni, The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, and pathophysiology. 1997, Pubmed
Sirois, Hormonal regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding a novel isoform of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase in rat preovulatory follicles. Induction in vivo and in vitro. 1992, Pubmed
Sirois, Cyclooxygenase-2 and its role in ovulation: a 2004 account. 2004, Pubmed
Skoblina, [Effects of the antagonist of the classical progesterone receptor on ovulation and maturation of common frog (Rana temporaria L.) oocytes in vitro]. 2002, Pubmed
Skory, Engineering the ovarian cycle using in vitro follicle culture. 2015, Pubmed
Smith, In vitro induction of physiological maturation in Rana pipiens oocytes removed from their ovarian follicles. 1968, Pubmed
Smith, The interaction of steroids with Rana pipiens Oocytes in the induction of maturation. 1971, Pubmed
Smith, Regulatory processes in the maturation and early cleavage of amphibian eggs. 1970, Pubmed
Smith, Role of the oocyte nucleus in physiological maturation in Rana pipiens. 1969, Pubmed
Stebbins-Boaz, CPEB controls the cytoplasmic polyadenylation of cyclin, Cdk2 and c-mos mRNAs and is necessary for oocyte maturation in Xenopus. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Stouffer, Molecular control of ovulation and luteinization in the primate follicle. 2007, Pubmed
Su, Synergistic roles of BMP15 and GDF9 in the development and function of the oocyte-cumulus cell complex in mice: genetic evidence for an oocyte-granulosa cell regulatory loop. 2004, Pubmed
Su, Oocyte-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/2) in cumulus cells is required for the maturation of the mouse oocyte-cumulus cell complex. 2003, Pubmed
Su, Mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in cumulus cells is essential for gonadotropin-induced oocyte meiotic resumption and cumulus expansion in the mouse. 2002, Pubmed
Subtelny, Maturation of ovarian frog eggs without ovulation. 1968, Pubmed
Takahashi, Prostaglandins in teleost ovulation: A review of the roles with a view to comparison with prostaglandins in mammalian ovulation. 2018, Pubmed
Takahashi, Follicle rupture during ovulation with an emphasis on recent progress in fish models. 2019, Pubmed
Takahashi, Recent advances in the understanding of teleost medaka ovulation: the roles of proteases and prostaglandins. 2013, Pubmed
Telfer, In vitro growth of immature bovine follicles and oocytes. 2019, Pubmed
Telfer, FERTILITY PRESERVATION: Progress and prospects for developing human immature oocytes in vitro. 2019, Pubmed
Tokmakov, In Vitro Reconstruction of Xenopus Oocyte Ovulation. 2019, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tokmakov, Global decay of mRNA is a hallmark of apoptosis in aging Xenopus eggs. 2017, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tokmakov, Postovulatory cell death: why eggs die via apoptosis in biological species with external fertilization. 2018, Pubmed
Tokmakov, Unfertilized frog eggs die by apoptosis following meiotic exit. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tung, Translational unmasking of Emi2 directs cytostatic factor arrest in meiosis II. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tunquist, Under arrest: cytostatic factor (CSF)-mediated metaphase arrest in vertebrate eggs. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Vaccari, Cyclic GMP signaling is involved in the luteinizing hormone-dependent meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. 2009, Pubmed
Verlhac, MAP kinase becomes stably activated at metaphase and is associated with microtubule-organizing centers during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. 1993, Pubmed
Vigneron, Greatwall maintains mitosis through regulation of PP2A. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Voss, Oxytocin secretion by bovine granulosa cells: effects of stage of follicular development, gonadotropins, and coculture with theca interna. 1991, Pubmed
WITSCHI, Overripeness of the egg as a cause of twinning and teratogenesis: a review. 1952, Pubmed
WRIGHT, Influence of estrogens on induction of ovulation in vitro in Rana pipiens. 1961, Pubmed
WRIGHT, Factors affecting in vitro ovulation in the frog. 1945, Pubmed
Wood, Multiple signal transduction pathways regulate ovarian steroidogenesis. 2002, Pubmed
Wu, Across the meiotic divide - CSF activity in the post-Emi2/XErp1 era. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yamashita, Production of progesterone from de novo-synthesized cholesterol in cumulus cells and its physiological role during meiotic resumption of porcine oocytes. 2003, Pubmed
Yang, Genome-wide analysis identifies cis-acting elements regulating mRNA polyadenylation and translation during vertebrate oocyte maturation. 2020, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yang, Xenopus laevis ovarian CYP17 is a highly potent enzyme expressed exclusively in oocytes. Evidence that oocytes play a critical role in Xenopus ovarian androgen production. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yu, Greatwall kinase participates in the Cdc2 autoregulatory loop in Xenopus egg extracts. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zhang, Granulosa cell ligand NPPC and its receptor NPR2 maintain meiotic arrest in mouse oocytes. 2010, Pubmed
Zhu, Identification, classification, and partial characterization of genes in humans and other vertebrates homologous to a fish membrane progestin receptor. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
el-Zein, The dynamics of the steroidogenic response of perifused Xenopus ovarian explants to gonadotropins. 1988, Pubmed , Xenbase