Deokar AR et al. (2021), Antibacterial and In Vivo Studies of a Green, O...

XB-ART-58247

Membranes (Basel) 2021 Jun 22;117:. doi: 10.3390/membranes11070462.

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Antibacterial and In Vivo Studies of a Green, One-Pot Preparation of Copper/Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Coated Bandages.

Deokar AR , Perelshtein I , Saibene M , Perkas N , Mantecca P , Nitzan Y , Gedanken A .

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Simultaneous water and ethanol-based synthesis and coating of copper and zinc oxide (CuO/ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) on bandages was carried out by ultrasound irradiation. High resolution-transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the effects of the solvent on the particle size and shape of metal oxide NPs. An antibacterial activity study of metal-oxide-coated bandages was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). CuO NP-coated bandages made from both water and ethanol demonstrated complete killing of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria within 30 min., whereas ZnO NP-coated bandages demonstrated five-log reductions in viability for both kinds of bacteria after 60 min of interaction. Further, the antibacterial mechanism of CuO/ZnO NP-coated bandages is proposed here based on electron spin resonance studies. Nanotoxicology investigations were conducted via in vivo examinations of the effect of the metal-oxide bandages on frog embryos (teratogenesis assay-Xenopus). The results show that water-based coatings resulted in lesser impacts on embryo development than the ethanol-based ones. These bandages should therefore be considered safer than the ethanol-based ones. The comparison between the toxicity of the metal oxide NPs prepared in water and ethanol is of great importance, because water will replace ethanol for bulk scale synthesis of metal oxide NPs in commercial companies to avoid further ignition problems. The novelty and importance of this manuscript is avoiding the ethanol in the typical water:ethanol mixture as the solvent for the preparation of metal oxide NPs. Ethanol is ignitable, and commercial companies are trying the evade its use. This is especially important these days, as the face mask produced by sonochemistry (SONOMASK) is being sold all over the world by SONOVIA, and it is coated with ZnO.

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	Figure 1. ESEM images of (a) pristine cotton, cotton fabric coated with CuO and ZnO NPs in ethanol (b,d) or in water (c,e); scale bar is 5 µm.
	Figure 2. HR-TEM images of water-synthesized ZnO and CuO NPs (a,b); scale bar 100 nm; (c,d) represent images of ethanol-based synthesized ZnO and CuO NPs, respectively; scale bars 100 and 20 nm.
	Figure 3. XRD spectra of CuO NPs synthesized in ethanol (a) or in water (b). ZnO NPs synthesized in water (c) or in ethanol (d).
	Figure 4. ROS generation by CuO and ZnO NP-coated bandages synthesized in ethanol (a,c) or water (b,d) in the presence of DMPO alone.
	Figure 5. Antibacterial studies of CuO and ZnO NP-coated bandages in water or ethanol against S. aureus (Gram-positive) (a,b) and E. coli (Gram-negative) (c,d).
	Figure 6. Stereomicroscopic images showing the experimental set up, with embryos in direct contact with uncoated cotton bandages (a,b) and CuO NP-coated bandages in water (W-CuO) (d,e), fixed at the bottom of glass petri dishes. Embryos were photographed at the beginning (stage 8) (a,d) and at the middle (stage 29–30 of the test). Larvae at the end of the test (stage 46) were screened for single malformations: (c), control larva; (f), W-CuO exposed larva showing irregular gut and body length shortening. Bars = 1 mm.
	Figure 7. Growth retardation effects in embryos exposed to water or ethanol-based ZnO and CuO NP-coated bandages. * Statistically different from the control (ANOVA, p < 0.05).