Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Mol Pathol
2001 Oct 01;545:317-23. doi: 10.1136/mp.54.5.317.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
The Twisted gastrulation family of proteins, together with the IGFBP and CCN families, comprise the TIC superfamily of cysteine rich secreted factors.
Vilmos P
,
Gaudenz K
,
Hegedus Z
,
Marsh JL
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
AIMS: To analyse the similarities between the Twisted gastrulation (TSG) proteins known to date; in addition, to determine phylogenetic relations among the TSG proteins, and between the TSGs and other protein families--the CCN (for example, CCN2 (CTGF), CCN1 (CYR61), and CCN3 (NOV)) and IGFBP (insulin-like growth factor binding protein) families.
METHODS: TBLASTN and FASTA3 were used to identify new tsg genes and relatives of the TSG family. The sequences were aligned with ClustalW. The predictions of sites for signal peptide cleavage, post-translational modifications, and putative protein domains were carried out with software available at various databases. Unrooted phylogenetic trees were calculated using the UPGMA method.
RESULTS: Several tsg genes from vertebrates and invertebrates were compared. Alignment of protein sequences revealed a highly conserved family of TSG proteins present in both vertebrates and invertebrates, whereas the slightly less well conserved IGFBP and CCN proteins are apparently present only in vertebrates. The TSG proteins display strong homology among themselves and they are composed of a putative signal peptide at the N-terminus followed by a cysteine rich (CR) region, a conserved domain devoid of cysteines, a variable midregion, and a C-terminal CR region. The most striking similarity between the TSGs and the IGFBP and CCN proteins occurs in the N-terminal conserved cysteine rich domain and the characteristic 5' cysteine rich domain(s), spacer region, and 3' cysteine rich domain structure.
CONCLUSION: The family of highly conserved TSG proteins, together with the IGFBP and CCN families, constitute an emerging multigene superfamily of secreted cysteine rich factors. The TSG branch of the superfamily appears to pre-date the others because it is present in all species examined, whereas the CCN and IGFBP genes are found only in vertebrates.
Arora,
Altered mitotic domains reveal fate map changes in Drosophila embryos mutant for zygotic dorsoventral patterning genes.
1992, Pubmed
Arora,
Altered mitotic domains reveal fate map changes in Drosophila embryos mutant for zygotic dorsoventral patterning genes.
1992,
Pubmed
Beverley,
Molecular evolution in Drosophila and the higher Diptera II. A time scale for fly evolution.
1984,
Pubmed
Bork,
The modular architecture of a new family of growth regulators related to connective tissue growth factor.
1993,
Pubmed
Brigstock,
Purification and characterization of novel heparin-binding growth factors in uterine secretory fluids. Identification as heparin-regulated Mr 10,000 forms of connective tissue growth factor.
1997,
Pubmed
Brigstock,
The connective tissue growth factor/cysteine-rich 61/nephroblastoma overexpressed (CCN) family.
1999,
Pubmed
Chang,
Twisted gastrulation can function as a BMP antagonist.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Chen,
The Drosophila insulin receptor is required for normal growth.
1996,
Pubmed
Cohen,
Biological effects of prostate specific antigen as an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease.
1994,
Pubmed
Conover,
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 blocks IGF-I-induced receptor down-regulation and cell desensitization in cultured bovine fibroblasts.
1991,
Pubmed
Coverley,
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 phosphorylation by IGF-I.
1995,
Pubmed
Dale,
BMP signalling in early Xenopus development.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
De Robertis,
The establishment of Spemann's organizer and patterning of the vertebrate embryo.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Durham,
The heparin binding domain of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 increases susceptibility of IGFBP-3 to proteolysis.
1999,
Pubmed
Ferguson,
Localized enhancement and repression of the activity of the TGF-beta family member, decapentaplegic, is necessary for dorsal-ventral pattern formation in the Drosophila embryo.
1992,
Pubmed
Fernandez,
The Drosophila insulin receptor homolog: a gene essential for embryonic development encodes two receptor isoforms with different signaling potential.
1995,
Pubmed
Ferry,
Cellular actions of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins.
1999,
Pubmed
Finelli,
Mutational analysis of the Drosophila tolloid gene, a human BMP-1 homolog.
1994,
Pubmed
Forbes,
Localization of an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding site of bovine IGF binding protein-2 using disulfide mapping and deletion mutation analysis of the C-terminal domain.
1998,
Pubmed
Fowlkes,
Characterization of glycosaminoglycan-binding domains present in insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3.
1996,
Pubmed
Francois,
Dorsal-ventral patterning of the Drosophila embryo depends on a putative negative growth factor encoded by the short gastrulation gene.
1994,
Pubmed
Frost,
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 is phosphorylated by cultured human endometrial stromal cells and multiple protein kinases in vitro.
1991,
Pubmed
Gorczyca,
Insulin-like receptor and insulin-like peptide are localized at neuromuscular junctions in Drosophila.
1993,
Pubmed
Grotendorst,
CCN proteins are distinct from and should not be considered members of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein superfamily.
2000,
Pubmed
Grotendorst,
CCN proteins are distinct from, and should not be considered members of, the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein superfamily.
2001,
Pubmed
Harland,
Developmental biology. A twist on embryonic signalling.
2001,
Pubmed
Higgins,
CLUSTAL: a package for performing multiple sequence alignment on a microcomputer.
1988,
Pubmed
Hobba,
Alanine screening mutagenesis establishes tyrosine 60 of bovine insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 as a determinant of insulin-like growth factor binding.
1998,
Pubmed
Hoeck,
Identification of the major sites of phosphorylation in IGF binding protein-3.
1994,
Pubmed
Hwa,
The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily.
1999,
Pubmed
Irish,
The decapentaplegic gene is required for dorsal-ventral patterning of the Drosophila embryo.
1987,
Pubmed
Jones,
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 stimulates cell migration and binds to the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin by means of its Arg-Gly-Asp sequence.
1993,
Pubmed
Jürgens,
Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster : II. Zygotic loci on the third chromosome.
1984,
Pubmed
Kiefer,
Identification and molecular cloning of two new 30-kDa insulin-like growth factor binding proteins isolated from adult human serum.
1991,
Pubmed
Kireeva,
Cyr61, a product of a growth factor-inducible immediate-early gene, promotes cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion.
1996,
Pubmed
Koistinen,
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 inhibits binding of IGF-I on fetal skin fibroblasts but stimulates their DNA synthesis.
1990,
Pubmed
Lau,
The CCN family of angiogenic regulators: the integrin connection.
1999,
Pubmed
Leal,
Interactions of high affinity insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins with the type V transforming growth factor-beta receptor in mink lung epithelial cells.
1999,
Pubmed
Liu,
Function of the type V transforming growth factor beta receptor in transforming growth factor beta-induced growth inhibition of mink lung epithelial cells.
1997,
Pubmed
Marqués,
Production of a DPP activity gradient in the early Drosophila embryo through the opposing actions of the SOG and TLD proteins.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Mason,
Dorsal midline fate in Drosophila embryos requires twisted gastrulation, a gene encoding a secreted protein related to human connective tissue growth factor.
1994,
Pubmed
Mason,
Combinatorial signaling by Twisted Gastrulation and Decapentaplegic.
1997,
Pubmed
Mason,
Changes in the pattern of twisted gastrulation gene expression among Drosophila species.
1998,
Pubmed
Mullins,
Holy Tolloido: Tolloid cleaves SOG/Chordin to free DPP/BMPs.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Nicholls,
Identification of chromosomal regions involved in decapentaplegic function in Drosophila.
1998,
Pubmed
Nielsen,
Identification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides and prediction of their cleavage sites.
1997,
Pubmed
Nishida,
Demonstration of receptors specific for connective tissue growth factor on a human chondrocytic cell line (HCS-2/8).
1998,
Pubmed
Nüsslein-Volhard,
Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster : I. Zygotic loci on the second chromosome.
1984,
Pubmed
Oelgeschläger,
The evolutionarily conserved BMP-binding protein Twisted gastrulation promotes BMP signalling.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Oh,
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-independent action of IGF-binding protein-3 in Hs578T human breast cancer cells. Cell surface binding and growth inhibition.
1993,
Pubmed
Pearson,
Improved tools for biological sequence comparison.
1988,
Pubmed
Perbal,
The C-terminal domain of the regulatory protein NOVH is sufficient to promote interaction with fibulin 1C: a clue for a role of NOVH in cell-adhesion signaling.
1999,
Pubmed
Petruzzelli,
Acquisition of insulin-dependent protein tyrosine kinase activity during Drosophila embryogenesis.
1985,
Pubmed
Pimentel,
Insulin acts as an embryonic growth factor for Drosophila neural cells.
1996,
Pubmed
Radulescu,
Nuclear localization signal in insulin-like growth factor-binding protein type 3.
1994,
Pubmed
Ray,
Twisted perspective: new insights into extracellular modulation of BMP signaling during development.
2001,
Pubmed
Ross,
Twisted gastrulation is a conserved extracellular BMP antagonist.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Rusch,
Threshold responses to the dorsal regulatory gradient and the subdivision of primary tissue territories in the Drosophila embryo.
1996,
Pubmed
Sarras,
BMP-1 and the astacin family of metalloproteinases: a potential link between the extracellular matrix, growth factors and pattern formation.
1996,
Pubmed
Scott,
Homologues of Twisted gastrulation are extracellular cofactors in antagonism of BMP signalling.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wakimoto,
Defects in embryogenesis in mutants associated with the antennapedia gene complex of Drosophila melanogaster.
1984,
Pubmed
Wieschaus,
Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster : III. Zygotic loci on the X-chromosome and fourth chromosome.
1984,
Pubmed
Wraight,
Intranuclear localization of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) during cell division in human keratinocytes.
1998,
Pubmed
Yamanaka,
Characterization of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) binding to human breast cancer cells: kinetics of IGFBP-3 binding and identification of receptor binding domain on the IGFBP-3 molecule.
1999,
Pubmed
Yu,
Processing of the Drosophila Sog protein creates a novel BMP inhibitory activity.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Zapf,
Isolation and NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of rat serum carrier proteins for insulin-like growth factors.
1988,
Pubmed
Zusman,
Requirements for zygotic gene activity during gastrulation in Drosophila melanogaster.
1985,
Pubmed
