Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol
2003 Jan 01;1891:29-37. doi: 10.1007/s00359-002-0372-0.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
The neuronal targets for GABAergic reticulospinal inhibition that stops swimming in hatchling frog tadpoles.
Li WC
,
Perrins R
,
Walford A
,
Roberts A
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
In most animals locomotion can be started and stopped by specific sensory cues. We are using a simple vertebrate, the hatchling Xenopus tadpole, to study a neuronal pathway that turns off locomotion. In the tadpole, swimming stops when the head contacts solid objects or the water's surface meniscus. The primary sensory neurons are in the trigeminal ganglion and directly excite inhibitory reticulospinal neurons in the hindbrain. These project axons into the spinal cord and release GABA to inhibit spinal neurons and stop swimming. We ask whether there is specificity in the types of spinal neuron inhibited. We used single-neuron recording to determine which classes of spinal neurons receive inhibition when the head skin is pressed. Ventral motoneurons and premotor interneurons involved in generating the swimming rhythm receive reliable GABAergic inhibition. More dorsal inhibitory premotor interneurons are inhibited less reliably and some are excited. Dorsal sensory pathway interneurons that start swimming following a touch to the trunk skin do not appear to receive such inhibition. There is therefore specificity in the formation of descending inhibitory connections so that more ventral neurons producing swimming are most strongly inhibited.
Arshavsky YuI,
Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina. I. Efferent activity during actual and fictitious swimming.
1985, Pubmed
Arshavsky YuI,
Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina. I. Efferent activity during actual and fictitious swimming.
1985,
Pubmed
Boothby,
The stopping response of Xenopus laevis embryos: behaviour, development and physiology.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Boothby,
The stopping response of Xenopus laevis embryos: pharmacology and intracellular physiology of rhythmic spinal neurones and hindbrain neurones.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Clarke,
Interneurones in the Xenopus embryo spinal cord: sensory excitation and activity during swimming.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Dale,
Inhibitory neurones of a motor pattern generator in Xenopus revealed by antibodies to glycine.
,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Dale,
Reciprocal inhibitory interneurones in the Xenopus embryo spinal cord.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Dale,
Dual-component amino-acid-mediated synaptic potentials: excitatory drive for swimming in Xenopus embryos.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hayes,
The anatomy of two functional types of mechanoreceptive 'free' nerve-ending in the head skin of Xenopus embryos.
1983,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Holstege,
Ultrastructural evidence for GABAergic brain stem projections to spinal motoneurons in the rat.
1991,
Pubmed
Li,
Spinal inhibitory neurons that modulate cutaneous sensory pathways during locomotion in a simple vertebrate.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Li,
Defining classes of spinal interneuron and their axonal projections in hatchling Xenopus laevis tadpoles.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Mori,
Integration of posture and locomotion in acute decerebrate cats and in awake, freely moving cats.
1987,
Pubmed
Norekian,
Whole body withdrawal circuit and its involvement in the behavioral hierarchy of the mollusk Clione limacina.
1996,
Pubmed
Perrins,
Cholinergic and electrical motoneuron-to-motoneuron synapses contribute to on-cycle excitation during swimming in Xenopus embryos.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Perrins,
Sensory activation and role of inhibitory reticulospinal neurons that stop swimming in hatchling frog tadpoles.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Roberts,
Early functional organization of spinal neurons in developing lower vertebrates.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Roberts,
The early development of neurons with GABA immunoreactivity in the CNS of Xenopus laevis embryos.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Roberts,
Characterization and Function of Spinal Excitatory Interneurons with Commissural Projections in Xenopus laevis embryos.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Roberts,
Motoneurons of the axial swimming muscles in hatchling Xenopus tadpoles: features, distribution, and central synapses.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sillar,
Phase-dependent Modulation of a Cutaneous Sensory Pathway by Glycinergic Inhibition from the Locomotor Rhythm Generator in Xenopus Embryos.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Soffe,
Activity of commissural interneurons in spinal cord of Xenopus embryos.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Soffe,
Activity of myotomal motoneurons during fictive swimming in frog embryos.
1982,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Soffe,
Two distinct rhythmic motor patterns are driven by common premotor and motor neurons in a simple vertebrate spinal cord.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Takakusaki,
Medullary reticulospinal tract mediating the generalized motor inhibition in cats: parallel inhibitory mechanisms acting on motoneurons and on interneuronal transmission in reflex pathways.
2001,
Pubmed
Wannier,
Differential effects of the reticulospinal system on locomotion in lamprey.
1998,
Pubmed
Wannier,
Reticulospinal neurones provide monosynaptic glycinergic inhibition of spinal neurones in lamprey.
1995,
Pubmed
Yoshida,
Axon projections of reciprocal inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord of young Xenopus tadpoles and implications for the pattern of inhibition during swimming and struggling.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
