Brenes-Soto A et al. (2019), Gaining insights in the nutritional metabolism ...

XB-ART-56212

PeerJ 2019 May 01;7:e7365. doi: 10.7717/peerj.7365.

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Gaining insights in the nutritional metabolism of amphibians: analyzing body nutrient profiles of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis.

Brenes-Soto A , Dierenfeld ES , Bosch G , Hendriks WH , Janssens GPJ .

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Whole bodies of Xenopus laevis (n = 19) were analysed for chemical composition and morphometrics. The nutrient profile (macronutrients, amino acids, fatty acids and minerals) was evaluated by sex; interactions among variables with body weights and lengths, and comparisons made with different species of marine and fresh water fish. Significant differences were found in morphometric measurements, water content, several minerals and fatty acids between sexes of X. laevis. Amino acid profiles differed in methionine, proline and cysteine, which could underlie different metabolic pathways in frogs when compared to fish. In addition, fatty acid profiles revealed more monounsaturated and n - 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in frogs than in fish, more similar to values reported for terrestrial than aquatic vertebrates. Important interactions were also found between body measurements and fat, calcium, and phosphorus, as well as between essential and non-essential amino acids. The results indicate that frogs might have particular biochemical pathways for several nutrients, dependent on sex and linked to body weight, which ultimately could reflect specific nutrient needs.

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	Figure 1. Principal components analysis (PCA) scores plot of male and female X. laevis.
	Figure 2. Principal components analysis (PCA) plot of morphometric measurements and concentration of nutrients (on dry matter basis) of the combined (male plus female) whole X. laevis body composition data.Conc: concentration. Group A closely clustered in loadings: Amino acids, Ca: calcium, P: phosphorus, Mg: magnesium, Fe: iron. Group B strong relationships: polyunsaturated fatty acids. Group C closely clustered in loadings: Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, weight and length, among others.
	Figure 3. Principal components analysis (PCA) plot of morphometric measurements and nutrients (expressed as percentages of the sum of total) of the combined (male plus female) whole X. laevis body composition data.Group A closely clustered in loadings: Se: selenium, Cu: copper, SumMUFA: sum of monounsaturated fatty acids, Group B closely clustered in loadings: Glu: glutamic acid, Ca: calcium, P: phosphorus, SumPUFA: sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Group C (essential amino acids): Leu: leucine, Ile: isoleucine, Phe: phenylalanine, His: histidine, Thr: threonine, Lys: lysine, Asp: aspartic acid, Val: valine, Cys: cysteine, Met: methionine. Group D (non-essential amino acids): Ala: alanine, Pro: proline, Gly: glycine, Arg: arginine, among others.
	Figure 4. Principal components analysis (PCA) plot with the residuals (corrected by sex) of morphometric measurements and nutrients (expressed as percentages of the sum of total) of the combined (male plus female) whole X. laevis body composition data.Res: residuals. Group A closely clustered in loadings: Zn: zinc, Se: selenium, SumSFA: sum of saturated fatty acids. Group B closely clustered in loadings: SumMUFA: sum of monounsaturated fatty acids. Group C closely clustered in loadings: Glu: glutamine, SumPUFA: sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids, among others.

References [+] :

Barańska, Influence of temperature on the composition of fatty acids and on lipogenesis in frog tissues. 1969, Pubmed