|
Figure 1. cGMP activation of CNGA1 channels. (A) Macroscopic current traces recorded in symmetric 130 mM Na+ from an inside-out patch containing CNGA1 channels in the presence of the indicated concentrations of intracellular cGMP. Currents were elicited by stepping from the 0-mV holding potential to voltages between −200 and 200 mV in 50-mV increments. Currents in the absence of cGMP were used as templates for subsequent offline background current corrections. Dotted lines indicate 0 current levels. (B) Fraction of maximal current (I/Imax; mean ± SEM; n = 3–7) plotted against cGMP concentration for −100 mV (squares) and 100 mV (circles). Solid curves are Hill equation fits yielding EC50 = 79 ± 1 µM and h = 1.37 ± 0.03 at −100 mV, and EC50 = 64 ± 2 µM and h = 1.39 ± 0.05 at 100 mV.
|
|
Figure 2. Voltage-dependent CNGA1 block by extracellular PhTx. (A) Structures of PhTx and spermine (SPM). (B) Macroscopic current traces recorded from inside-out patches containing CNGA1 channels in the presence of the indicated concentrations of extracellular PhTx (in the pipette solution). Currents were activated with 2 mM of intracellular cGMP and elicited with the voltage protocol shown. Dotted lines indicate 0 current levels. (C) Mean I-V curves (mean ± SEM; n = 3–11) determined at the end of the test pulses in the absence or presence of three concentrations of extracellular PhTx. (D) Fraction of current not blocked (mean ± SEM; n = 4–6) by extracellular PhTx is plotted against membrane voltage. Curves are fits of a Boltzmann function (Eq. 1) to the three datasets simultaneously with parameters: appKd (0 mV) = 2.71 ± 0.20 × 10−5 M and Z = 1.76 ± 0.02.
|
|
Figure 3. Kinetics of hyperpolarization-induced CNGA1 block by extracellular PhTx. (A) Current transient elicited by stepping membrane voltage from 100 to −150 mV in the continued presence of 0.1 µM of extracellular PhTx. The superimposed curve is a single-exponential fit. (B) Reciprocal of the time constant (mean ± SEM; n = 4–6) for channel block (1/τon), obtained from fits as shown in A, is plotted against the extracellular concentration of PhTx for eight voltages. The (unresolved) lines through the data are linear fits whose slope represents the apparent second-order rate constant (kon) for blocker binding. (C) Natural logarithm of kon from B is plotted against membrane voltage. The plot is fitted with the equation ln kon = ln kon (0 mV) − zonVF/RT, yielding kon (0 mV) = 1.04 ± 0.06 × 109 M−1s−1 (open circle) and zon = 0.01 ± 0.01.
|
|
Figure 4. Kinetics of depolarization-induced recovery from CNGA1 block by extracellular PhTx. (A) Current transient elicited by stepping the membrane voltage from −200 to −50 mV in the presence of 0.1 µM of extracellular PhTx. The superimposed curve is a single-exponential fit. (B) Natural logarithm of the reciprocal of the time constant (mean ± SEM; n = 4–6) for channel unblock (1/τoff, an estimate of the apparent off-rate constant koff) at four voltages, obtained from fits as shown in A, is plotted against the concentration of extracellular PhTx. Lines through the data represent averages over the three concentrations tested at each voltage. (C) Natural logarithm of koff from B is plotted against membrane voltage. The plot is fitted with the equation ln koff = ln koff (0 mV) + zoffVF/RT, yielding koff (0 mV) = 9.65 ± 0.35 × 103 s−1 and zoff = 1.31 ± 0.02.
|
|
Figure 5. Voltage-dependent block by intracellular PhTx. (A) Macroscopic current traces recorded from an inside-out patch containing CNGA1 channels in the absence or presence of 0.3 µM of intracellular PhTx. Currents were activated with 2 mM of intracellular cGMP and elicited with the voltage protocol shown. Dotted line indicates 0 current level. (B) Fraction of current not blocked (mean ± SEM; n = 5–10) by intracellular PhTx is plotted against membrane voltage. Curves are fits of a single Boltzmann function to the four datasets simultaneously with parameters: appKd (0 mV) = 8.58 ± 0.38 × 10−7 M and Z = 2.67 ± 0.04. (C) Kinetics of depolarization-induced CNGA1 block by intracellular PhTx. Natural logarithm of second-order rate constant kon, determined as in Fig. 3, at three concentrations of intracellular PhTx (0.3, 1, and 10 µM; n = 8) is plotted against membrane voltage. The plot is fitted with the equation ln kon = ln kon (0 mV) + zonVF/RT, yielding kon (0 mV) = 4.23 ± 0.34 × 107 M−1s−1 and zon = 0.23 ± 0.01. (D) Kinetics of hyperpolarization-induced recovery from CNGA1 block by intracellular PhTx. Natural logarithm of koff, determined as in Fig. 4, at three concentrations of intracellular PhTx (0.1, 0.3, and 1 µM; n = 5) is plotted against membrane voltage. The plot is fitted with the equation ln koff = ln koff (0 mV) − zoffVF/RT, yielding koff (0 mV) = 33 ± 1 s−1 and zoff = 1.60 ± 0.01.
|
|
Figure 6. Voltage dependence of intracellular PhTx block under low Na+ conditions. (A) Macroscopic current traces recorded in an inside-out patch containing CNGA1 channels in the absence or presence of 5 µM of intracellular PhTx in symmetrical 30 mM Na+. Currents were activated with 2 mM of intracellular cGMP and elicited with the voltage protocol shown. Dotted line indicates 0 current level. (B) Fraction of current not blocked (mean ± SEM; n = 4–8) by the indicated concentrations of intracellular PhTx is plotted against membrane voltage. Curves are fits of Eq. 3 to the three datasets simultaneously with Z1 fixed at 0. The best-fit parameters were: K1 = 1.04 ± 0.03 × 10−5 M, K2 = 2.03 ± 0.14 × 10−3, and Z2 = 2.08 ± 0.04. (C) Fraction of current not blocked (mean ± SEM; n = 8) by 1 µM of intracellular PhTx in the presence of 0.02 mM (filled circles) or 2 mM (open circles; taken from B) cGMP is plotted against membrane voltage. Curves are fits of Eq. 3 to both datasets simultaneously, with Z1 set to 0 and K1 common to both cGMP curves. The best-fit parameters were: K1 = 7.65 ± 0.22 × 10−6 M for both cGMP concentrations; K2 = 1.29 ± 0.08 × 10−2 and Z2 = 1.92 ± 0.05 for 0.02 mM cGMP; and K2 = 1.72 ± 0.18 × 10−3 and Z2 = 2.29 ± 0.06 for 2 mM cGMP. (D) Kinetics of depolarization-induced CNGA1 block by intracellular PhTx in 30 mM Na+. Natural logarithm of kon, determined as in Fig. 3, at four concentrations (0.03, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 µM; n = 6) of intracellular PhTx is plotted against membrane voltage. The plot is fitted with the equation ln kon = ln kon (0 mV) + zonVF/RT, yielding kon (0 mV) = 8.42 ± 0.68 × 108 M−1s−1 and zon = 0.14 ± 0.01. (E) Kinetics of hyperpolarization-induced recovery from CNGA1 block by intracellular PhTx in 30 mM Na+. Natural logarithm of koff, determined as in Fig. 4, at four concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 1 µM; n = 6) of intracellular PhTx is plotted against membrane voltage. The plot is fitted with the equation ln koff = ln koff (0 mV) − zoffVF/RT, yielding koff (0 mV) = 27 ± 2 s−1 and zoff = 1.10 ± 0.02.
|
|
Figure 7. Voltage dependence of intracellular and extracellular PhTx block at saturating and subsaturating cGMP concentrations. (A) Normalized current transients elicited by stepping membrane voltage from −80 to 120 mV in the absence (top) or presence (bottom) of 0.3 µM of intracellular PhTx and of 2 mM (black) or 20 µM cGMP (blue; average of 20 consecutive traces from the same patch). The current in 20 µM cGMP is sevenfold smaller than that in 2 mM. (B) Normalized current transients, elicited by stepping membrane voltage from 120 to −80 mV, in the presence of 0.3 µM of intracellular PhTx and of 2 mM (black; average of five consecutive traces from the same patch) or 20 µM cGMP (blue; average of 10 consecutive traces from the same patch). (C) Normalized current transients elicited by stepping membrane voltage from 100 to −150 mV in the presence of 0.1 µM of extracellular PhTx and of 2 mM (black) or 20 µM cGMP (blue; average of 20 consecutive traces from the same patch). (D) Normalized current transients elicited by stepping membrane voltage from −200 to −50 mV in the presence of 0.1 µM of intracellular PhTx and of 2 mM (black) or 20 µM cGMP (blue; average of 20 consecutive traces from the same patch).
|
|
Figure 8. Voltage-dependent block by intracellular bis-QAC10. (A) Chemical structure of bis-QAC10. (B) Macroscopic current traces recorded from an inside-out patch containing CNGA1 channels in the absence or presence of 5 mM of intracellular bis-QAC10. Currents were elicited by first stepping the voltage from the 0-mV holding potential to −150 mV, and then testing voltages between −150 and 150 mV in 10-mV increments before returning to the holding potential. For clarity, only traces every 20 mV are shown. Dotted line indicates 0 current level. (C) I-V curves (mean ± SEM; n = 5) determined at the end of the test pulses in the absence or presence of 5 mM bis-QAC10. (D) Fraction of current not blocked (mean ± SEM; n = 5) by 5 mM bis-QAC10 is plotted against membrane voltage. The solid curve is a fit of Eq. 10 to the data from −150 to 90 mV (arrow) with KB1 = 3.17 ± 0.05 × 10−2 M, KB2 = 2.23 ± 0.14 × 10−2, KB2-Na = 2.67 ± 0.09 M−1, and Z = 1.11 ± 0.02. Dotted curve is a fit to the data from −150 to 90 mV (arrow) of a Boltzmann function (similar to Eq. 1, except for a nonunity asymptote at hyperpolarized potentials) with parameters appKd = 1.23 ± 0.08 × 10−2 M and Z = 0.83 ± 0.03.
|
|
Figure 9. CNGA1 block by six intracellular QA compounds. Macroscopic currents recorded in the absence (left column) or presence (middle column) of the indicated blocker concentration. Bars, 1 nA and 20 ms. Chemical structures of the blockers are shown on the right.
|
|
Figure 10. Intracellular QA blockers render current–voltage relations of CNGA1 channels inwardly rectifying. Mean I-V curves (mean ± SEM; n = 3–8) in the absence (control) or presence of six QAs, each at two concentrations.
|
|
Figure 11. Voltage-dependent block by six intracellular QAs. Fraction of current not blocked (mean ± SEM; n = 3–8) plotted against voltage for six QAs, each at two concentrations. Curves were obtained by fitting Eq. 10 to the two datasets in each plot simultaneously. The resulting parameters are listed in Table I.
|
|
Figure 12. CNGA1 block by intracellular bis-QAC10 in 65 and 130 mM of symmetrical Na+. (A) The fraction of current not blocked (mean ± SEM; n = 4–7) in the presence of 65 mM (open symbols) and 130 mM (filled symbols) of symmetrical Na+ by 5 mM (black symbols) and 25 mM (blue symbols) bis-QAC10 is plotted against voltage. Curves were obtained by fitting Eq. 10 to the four datasets simultaneously. The resulting parameters are listed in Table I. (B) Data in A scaled to unity at −150 mV. Curves were obtained by fitting Eq. 7 to the four datasets simultaneously. The best-fit parameters were: KB = 7.97 ± 0.31 × 10−4 M, KB-Na = 8.97 ± 0.16 × 10−2, and Z = 1.00 ± 0.01.
|
|
Figure 13. Simulated curves of a Boltzmann function (gray curve) and of the three-state ion displacement model (black curve), both for the case of a positively charged intracellular blocker. The Boltzmann curve was generated from Eq. 1 with [B] = 5 mM, appKd = 6.5 mM, and Z = 1. The black curve was generated from Eq. 7 with [B] = 5 mM, [Na+] = 130 mM, KB = 1 mM, KB-Na = 0.05, and Z = 1.
|
|
Figure 14. Models for multistate channel block. Binding of a blocker denoted as “B” to a channel (Ch) produces two blocked states (ChB1 and ChB2) in sequential (A) or parallel (B) steps. Kx are equilibrium constants with effective valences Zx; kx are rate constants and zx their effective valences.
|
|
Figure 15. Ion displacement models for channel block. (A) Minimal three-state ion displacement model for voltage-dependent block. The transmembrane voltage drops exclusively across the narrow part of the pore that can only be occupied by permeant ions. The number of permeant ions in the selectivity filter is inconsequential to the model, and the number of ions in the inner pore is set at the minimum of one. The channel can exist in two nonblocked states with (ChNa) or without (Ch) a permeant Na+ ion at the inner pore site (internal to the narrow selectivity filter) and one blocked state (ChB). The upper blocking transition is voltage independent as the blocker binds in the empty inner pore with equilibrium constant KB, whereas the lower transition (equilibrium constant KB-Na) is voltage dependent as the blocker displaces the Na+ ion. (B) Ion displacement model with sequential blocking steps. The two leftmost nonblocked states are equivalent to those of the minimal three-state model in A, with (ChNa) and without (Ch) a Na+ ion in the inner pore. The blocker may bind (common equilibrium constant KB1) to the shallow site of either nonblocked form. It then binds at the deep binding site (ChB2). The transition that involves Na+ displacement is characterized by KB2-Na and is voltage dependent, whereas the one that does not involve Na+ displacement is characterized by KB2 and is voltage independent.
|
