Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Neurochem Res
2008 Feb 01;332:238-47. doi: 10.1007/s11064-007-9546-z.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Analysis of a vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2) supports a cell-leakage mode in addition to vesicular packaging.
Mackenzie B
,
Illing AC
,
Morris ME
,
Varoqui H
,
Erickson JD
.
???displayArticle.abstract??? VGLUT2 is one of three vesicular glutamate transporters that play crucial roles in glutamatergic excitatory neurotransmission. We explored the functional properties of the rat VGLUT2 by heterologous expression of VGLUT2 in Xenopus oocytes. Immunocytochemical analysis indicated that most VGLUT2 protein was expressed in intracellular compartments but that some expression occurred also on the plasma membrane. Functional analysis revealed VGLUT2 to be active in two independent modes, namely, uptake into intracellular organelles and efflux at the plasma membrane. VGLUT-specific transport was identified based on the strong preference for glutamate over aspartate--in contrast to plasma-membrane or mitochondrial glutamate transporters--and sensitivity to known VGLUT blockers. VGLUT2 expression in oocytes (1) stimulated the influx of L-[(3)H]glutamate, but not D-[(3)H]aspartate, into digitonin-permeabilized oocytes and (2) stimulated efflux of L-glutamate, but not L-aspartate, from intact oocytes preinjected with (3)H-labeled amino acids. In the latter assay, cellular efflux of glutamate (which was blocked by rose bengal and trypan blue) may be analogous to vesicular packaging of glutamate. Our data are consistent with VGLUT2-mediated H(+)/L-glutamate antiport, but not antiport with chloride. Expression of mammalian VGLUT1 and VGLUT3 also stimulated L-[(3)H]glutamate efflux from Xenopus oocytes, suggesting that this phenomenon is a general feature of vesicular glutamate transporters. Our findings support the idea that vesicular glutamate transporters, when transiently expressed on the neuronal plasma membrane, may mediate Ca(2+)-independent glutamate leakage in addition to their traditional role of packaging glutamate into synaptic vesicles for Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink???
18080752
???displayArticle.link???Neurochem Res ???displayArticle.grants???[+]
Aihara,
Molecular cloning of a novel brain-type Na(+)-dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter.
2000, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Aihara,
Molecular cloning of a novel brain-type Na(+)-dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Bellocchio,
Uptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles by an inorganic phosphate transporter.
2000,
Pubmed
Bernath,
Calcium-independent release of amino acid neurotransmitters: fact or artifact?
1992,
Pubmed
Burger,
GABA and glycine in synaptic vesicles: storage and transport characteristics.
1991,
Pubmed
Burger,
Synaptic vesicles immunoisolated from rat cerebral cortex contain high levels of glutamate.
1989,
Pubmed
Christensen,
Inhibition of gamma-aminobutyrate and glycine uptake into synaptic vesicles.
1991,
Pubmed
Christensen,
The ontogeny of the uptake systems for glutamate, GABA, and glycine in synaptic vesicles isolated from rat brain.
1992,
Pubmed
Christensen,
Uptake of glycine, GABA and glutamate by synaptic vesicles isolated from different regions of rat CNS.
1991,
Pubmed
Danbolt,
Glutamate uptake.
2001,
Pubmed
Disbrow,
Uptake of L-[3H] glutamic acid by crude and purified synaptic vesicles from rat brain.
1982,
Pubmed
Erickson,
Activity-dependent regulation of vesicular glutamate and GABA transporters: a means to scale quantal size.
2006,
Pubmed
Erickson,
Expression cloning of a reserpine-sensitive vesicular monoamine transporter.
1992,
Pubmed
Fagotto,
Yolk platelets in Xenopus oocytes maintain an acidic internal pH which may be essential for sodium accumulation.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Fonnum,
Glutamate: a neurotransmitter in mammalian brain.
1984,
Pubmed
Fremeau,
The expression of vesicular glutamate transporters defines two classes of excitatory synapse.
2001,
Pubmed
Fremeau,
The identification of vesicular glutamate transporter 3 suggests novel modes of signaling by glutamate.
2002,
Pubmed
Fremeau,
VGLUTs define subsets of excitatory neurons and suggest novel roles for glutamate.
2004,
Pubmed
Fykse,
Comparison of the properties of gamma-aminobutyric acid and L-glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles isolated from rat brain.
1989,
Pubmed
Fykse,
Inhibition of L-glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles.
1992,
Pubmed
Fykse,
Transport of gamma-aminobutyrate and L-glutamate into synaptic vesicles. Effect of different inhibitors on the vesicular uptake of neurotransmitters and on the Mg2(+)-ATPase.
1991,
Pubmed
Fykse,
Regional distribution of gamma-aminobutyrate and L-glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles isolated from rat brain.
1989,
Pubmed
Fykse,
Amino acid neurotransmission: dynamics of vesicular uptake.
1996,
Pubmed
Fykse,
Uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a synaptic vesicle fraction isolated from rat brain.
1988,
Pubmed
Gras,
A third vesicular glutamate transporter expressed by cholinergic and serotoninergic neurons.
2002,
Pubmed
Hamann,
Knocking out the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 reduces glutamate uptake but does not affect hippocampal glutamate dynamics in early simulated ischaemia.
2002,
Pubmed
Hartinger,
An anion binding site that regulates the glutamate transporter of synaptic vesicles.
1993,
Pubmed
Herzog,
The existence of a second vesicular glutamate transporter specifies subpopulations of glutamatergic neurons.
2001,
Pubmed
Juge,
Vesicular glutamate transporter contains two independent transport machineries.
2006,
Pubmed
Mackenzie,
Functional properties of multiple isoforms of human divalent metal-ion transporter 1 (DMT1).
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Maycox,
Glutamate uptake by brain synaptic vesicles. Energy dependence of transport and functional reconstitution in proteoliposomes.
1988,
Pubmed
Naito,
Adenosine triphosphate-dependent uptake of glutamate into protein I-associated synaptic vesicles.
1983,
Pubmed
Naito,
Characterization of glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles.
1985,
Pubmed
Ni,
Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding a brain-specific Na(+)-dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ogita,
Inhibition of vesicular glutamate storage and exocytotic release by Rose Bengal.
2001,
Pubmed
Ozkan,
Glutamate transport and storage in synaptic vesicles.
1998,
Pubmed
Phillis,
Characterization of modes of release of amino acids in the ischemic/reperfused rat cerebral cortex.
2003,
Pubmed
Picollo,
Chloride/proton antiporter activity of mammalian CLC proteins ClC-4 and ClC-5.
2005,
Pubmed
Reimer,
Organic anion transport is the primary function of the SLC17/type I phosphate transporter family.
2004,
Pubmed
Roberson,
Xenopus laevis lectin is localized at several sites in Xenopus oocytes, eggs, and embryos.
1983,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Romero,
Expression cloning using Xenopus laevis oocytes.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Roseth,
Uptake of L-glutamate into rat brain synaptic vesicles: effect of inhibitors that bind specifically to the glutamate transporter.
1995,
Pubmed
Roseth,
Uptake of L-glutamate into synaptic vesicles: competitive inhibition by dyes with biphenyl and amino- and sulphonic acid-substituted naphthyl groups.
1998,
Pubmed
Scheel,
Voltage-dependent electrogenic chloride/proton exchange by endosomal CLC proteins.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Schmalzing,
Evidence for intracellular sodium pumps in permeabilized Xenopus laevis oocytes.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Schäfer,
Molecular cloning and functional identification of mouse vesicular glutamate transporter 3 and its expression in subsets of novel excitatory neurons.
2002,
Pubmed
Sonawane,
Chloride concentration in endosomes measured using a ratioable fluorescent Cl- indicator: evidence for chloride accumulation during acidification.
2002,
Pubmed
Storm-Mathisen,
First visualization of glutamate and GABA in neurones by immunocytochemistry.
1983,
Pubmed
Storm-Mathisen,
Immunocytochemistry of glutamate at the synaptic level.
1990,
Pubmed
Takamori,
Identification of differentiation-associated brain-specific phosphate transporter as a second vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2).
2001,
Pubmed
Takamori,
Identification of a vesicular glutamate transporter that defines a glutamatergic phenotype in neurons.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tan,
A leucine-based motif mediates the endocytosis of vesicular monoamine and acetylcholine transporters.
1998,
Pubmed
Varoqui,
Active transport of acetylcholine by the human vesicular acetylcholine transporter.
1996,
Pubmed
Varoqui,
Vesicular neurotransmitter transporters. Potential sites for the regulation of synaptic function.
1997,
Pubmed
Varoqui,
Identification of the differentiation-associated Na+/PI transporter as a novel vesicular glutamate transporter expressed in a distinct set of glutamatergic synapses.
2002,
Pubmed
Varoqui,
Functional identification of vesicular monoamine and acetylcholine transporters.
1998,
Pubmed
Wallace,
Vitellogenesis and oocyte growth in nonmammalian vertebrates.
1985,
Pubmed
Whitley,
Electrochemical monitoring of transport by a vesicular monoamine transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wilson,
Presynaptic regulation of quantal size by the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT1.
2005,
Pubmed
Wolosker,
Regulation of glutamate transport into synaptic vesicles by chloride and proton gradient.
1996,
Pubmed
Zhu,
Analysis of point mutants in the Caenorhabditis elegans vesicular acetylcholine transporter reveals domains involved in substrate translocation.
2001,
Pubmed
