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Int J Environ Res Public Health
2008 Dec 01;55:368-77. doi: 10.3390/ijerph5050368.
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The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the mortality and growth of two amphibian species (Xenopus laevis and Pseudacris triseriata).
Collier A
,
Orr L
,
Morris J
,
Blank J
.
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We observed a slight drop in the growth of Xenopus laevis and Pseudacris triseriata larvae following acute exposure (24-48 h) during egg development to three concentrations of TCDD (0.3, 3.0, 30.0 microg/l). Our exposure protocol was modeled on a previous investigation that was designed to mimic the effects of maternal deposition of TCDD. The doses selected were consistent with known rates of maternal transfer between mother and egg using actual adult body burdens from contaminated habitats. Egg and embryonic mortality immediately following exposure increased only among 48 h X. laevis treatments. Control P. triseriata and X. laevis completed metamorphosis more quickly than TCDDtreated animals. The snout-vent length of recently transformed P. triseriata did not differ between treatments although controls were heavier than high-dosed animals. Likewise, the snout-vent length and weight of transformed X. laevis did not differ between control and TCDD treatments. These findings provide additional evidence that amphibians, including P. triseriata and X. laevis are relatively insensitive to acute exposure to TCDD during egg and embryonic development. Although the concentrations selected for this study were relatively high, they were not inconsistent with our current understanding of bioaccumulation via maternal transfer.
Figure 1. Larval growth of P. triseriata among control and 48 h TCDD treatments expressed as an increase in, a) total length (mm) and, b) weight (g) over time. Each data point represents the average length (± SE) of ten randomly selected larvae. Eggs were originally exposed for 48 h to waterborne concentrations of TCDD as follows: low (0.3 μg/l), medium (3.0 μg/l), and high (30.0 μg/l). Control P. triseriata were statistically longer, but not heavier than TCDD-treated larvae on the final sampling day (day 40)
Figure 2:. Time (days) required for 48 h control and TCDD-treated P. triseriata larvae to reach metamorphosis. Control P. triseriata completed metamorphosis more rapidly than TCDD- treated animals. Eggs were originally exposed for 48 h to waterborne concentrations of TCDD as follows: low (0.3 μg/l), medium (3.0 μg/l), and high (30.0 μg/l).
Figure 3. Size at metamorphosis of P. triseriata control and TCDD-treated animals measured in terms of, a) snout-vent length (mm), and, b) weight (g). Eggs were originally exposed for 48 h to waterborne concentrations of TCDD as follows: low (0.3 μg/l), medium (3.0 μg/l), and high (30.0 μg/l). *The number within parentheses represents the total number of metamorphosed frogs for each treatment.
Figure 4. Larval growth of X. laevis expressed as an increase in total length (mm) over time for, a) control and 24 h TCDD treatments and, b) control and 48 h TCDD treatments. *Each point represents the average length of the five larvae (± SE) from each treatment. Eggs were originally exposed for either 24 or 48 h to waterborne concentrations of TCDD as follows: low (0.3 μg/l), medium (3.0 μg/l), and high (30.0 μg/l). At the final sampling period (32 days post exposure), control tadpoles for both 24 and 48 h trials were significantly longer than the animals from the slowest growing treatment. For the 24 h trial, control tadpoles were significantly longer than those exposed to the high dose (30.0 μg/l) of TCDD. For the 48 h trial, control tadpoles were significantly longer that those exposed to the low dose (0.3 μg/l) of TCDD.
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