Bonne-Andrea C , Kahli M , Mechali F , Lemaitre JM , Bossis G , Coux O .

	Figure 1. Effect of Ubc9dn on origin firing in early S phase.(a) Sperm nuclei (2,000 nuclei per μl) were replicated in Xenopus egg extracts supplemented (+) or not (−) (Ctrl, control) with 350 ng μl−1 Ubc9dn. At each time-point after addition of sperm nuclei, DNA replication in samples with Ubc9dn was defined relative to that in Ctrl samples (set at 100%). DNA replication was measured by standard [33P]-labelled dCTP incorporation; mean±s.d. % Of DNA replicated in nine independent experiments based on four different egg extracts that replicated 90–100% of the input DNA. (b) Time-course of DNA replication in S-phase Xenopus egg extracts with or without Ubc9dn. The graph represents the percentage of input DNA that is replicated at each indicated time-point. (c) Quantification of the number of initiation events (number of BrdU tracks per Mb) on combed DNA fibres from the 30-min time-point with or without Ubc9dn of the replication reaction shown in b. (d) Distribution of initiation events on combed DNA fibres at the 30-min time-point. BrdU tracks are represented in green (bar, 50 kb). This representation was generated by using the IDeFIx software. (e) IOD, length of BrdU tracks and of DNA gaps between tracks measured for each condition (with or without Ubc9dn) at the 30-min time-point. Boxes and whiskers indicate the 5–95 percentiles. The vertical line within the boxes represents the median (in kb). Data not included between the whiskers are plotted as outliers (dots). Statistical significance was determined using the unpaired t-test (**P<0.001 and ***P<0.0001).
	Figure 2. Accumulation of SUMO2/3-conjugated proteins on chromatin during S phase depends on cyclin E.(a) S-phase Xenopus egg extracts were supplemented or not with Ubc9dn, as in Fig. 1. The presence of SUMO-conjugated proteins was analysed by western blotting with anti-SUMO1 and anti-SUM02/3 antibodies, using replicating samples at the 60-min time-point. (b) Time-course of DNA replication in S-phase Xenopus egg extracts immunodepleted with anti-cyclin E (1) or control antibodies (2) or with Ctrl antibodies and supplemented with 5 μM SUMO1-VS (3), in the presence of α-[33P]-dCTP. The graph represents the percentage of input DNA replicated at each indicated time-point. (c) Xenopus egg extracts described in Fig. 2b (2 μl) were immunoprobed with anti-SUMO2/3 and anti-cyclin E antibodies before addition of sperm nuclei and throughout the replication assays in cyclin E-depleted extract (1), control-depleted extract without (2) or with SUMO1-VS (3). (d) Aliquots of cytosol (Cyto), nuclei and chromatin fractions, corresponding to 2, 5 and 20 μl of extracts, respectively, were taken at the 45-min time-point after the addition of sperm nuclei from the replication reactions 1, 2 and 3, described in Fig. 2b and were immunoprobed with antibodies against SUMO2/3, cyclin E and Cdc6 (loading Ctrl).
	Figure 3. Cyclin E (cyc E) is conjugated to SUMO2/3 on chromatin independently of Cdk2 kinase activity.(a) Cyc E-immunodepleted S-phase Xenopus extracts (δE; ND, mock depletion) were supplemented with [35S]cyc E (translated in Cdk2-depleted egg extracts) and associated with recombinant Cdk2 (δE+E/K2). Cyc E levels were analysed by western blotting using anti-cyc E antibodies, and quantified by phosphorimaging (left panels). Radioactive cyc E was immunoprecipitated from chromatin isolated from 400 μl of replication reactions supplemented with 5 μM SUMO1-VS. Immunoprecipitates were split in two and treated or not with 1 μg GST-SENP (30 °C, 20 min). [35S]cyc E and SUMOylated proteins were detected on the same blot by phosphorimaging and using anti-SUMO2/3 antibodies, respectively (right panels). (b) Replicating chromatin was prepared from 50 μl replication assays (30-min time-point) carried out in the presence of 5 μM SUMO1-VS or 250 ng μl−1 Ubc9dn and 60 ng μl−1 GST-SENP as indicated. Endogenous cyc E and SUMO2/3 conjugates were detected by western blotting. (c) RNF4 pull-downs (using beads coupled to wild-type (wt) or mutant (mut) RNF4) were performed as described in Methods and analysed by western blotting (d) Aliquots of [35S]cyc E (5 μl) translated in Cdk2-depleted egg extracts (−) were supplemented with 5 μM SUMO1-VS and with or without a SUMOylation mix. After 30 min, GST-Cdk2 was added in one reaction (+) for 15 min. [35S]cyc E was detected by phosphorimaging. (e) [35S]cyc E translated and detected as in d was mixed with GST-Cdk2 (wt) or with the kinase-dead mutant GST-Cdk2 K33R (KD), as indicated. Samples of both complexes were reconstituted in egg extracts and incubated with (+) or without (−) a SUMOylation mix (left panel). Lambda phosphatase (λP) was added or not for 30 min after the SUMOylation reaction (right panel). (f) Replicating chromatin was isolated from 30-min replication assays supplemented with 5 μM SUMO1-VS and with or without 100 μM Nu6102, a specific Cdk2 inhibitor. Cyc E and SUMO2/3 conjugates were detected by western blotting. The asterisk indicates the mobility shift of the predominant polySUMOylated cyc E form. (g) Replicating chromatin was resuspended in CPB/1% SDS, 10-fold diluted in CPB/1% Triton X-100 and then used for immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments using anti-cyc E antibodies (E) or non-immune rabbit IgG (c).
	Figure 4. Cyclin E (cyc E) rescue of the chromatin-associated pool of SUMO2/3 conjugates in cyc E-depleted Xenopus egg extracts depends on its SUMOylation.(a) Wild-type (wt) [35S]cyc E or [35S]cyc E-KR, which were generated by in vitro transcription/translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, were incubated with a SUMOylation mix containing different recombinant SUMO proteins (His-SUMO2, SUMO1 or GST-SUMO1), as indicated. (b) Wt [35S]cyc E or [35S]cyc E-KR, which were obtained by messenger RNA translation in Cdk2-depleted Xenopus egg extracts, were purified by binding to GST-Cdk2. Kinase activity was checked by modification of the electrophoretic mobility of cyc E (top panel) and by histone H1 kinase assay (bottom panel). Radiolabelled cyc E and phosphorylated H1 were detected by phosphorimaging (c) Cyc E-immunodepleted S-phase Xenopus egg extracts (ΔE; Δc, mock depletion) were supplemented or not with wt [35S]cyc E–Cdk2 (ΔE+Ewt) or [35S]cyc E-KR–Cdk2 (ΔE+EKR) complexes and assayed for replication. Aliquots at the 45 min time-point after addition of sperm nuclei were used to measure the percentage of replicated DNA. (d) Replicating chromatin was prepared from 50 μl replication reactions (c) without SUMO1-VS and analysed by western blotting using antibodies against SUMO2/3, cyc E and Cdc6 (loading control). [35S]cyc E was also detected by phosphorimaging. (e) Cdk2-immunodepleted S-phase Xenopus egg extracts were complemented with cyc E-[35S]Cdk2 complexes that were translated and reconstituted in extracto, supplemented with either SUMO1-VS or with Ubc9dn and GST-SENP and assayed for replication. Aliquots at 30, 35 and 45 min after addition of sperm nuclei were used to measure the percentage of replicated DNA. (f) Replicating chromatin was prepared from 50 μl replication reactions (e) at the 25, 35 and 45 min time-points and analysed by western blotting using antibodies against SUMO2/3 and RPA32 (RPA). Ext: [35S]Cdk2-complemented extract 0.1 μl. [35S]Cdk2 was detected by phosphorimaging (left panel). Quantification of [35S]Cdk2 on chromatin is shown in the middle panel and quantification of RPA in the right panel.

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