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XB-ART-47892
J Biol Chem 2013 Nov 01;28844:31477-87. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.514984.
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Dhrs3 protein attenuates retinoic acid signaling and is required for early embryonic patterning.

Kam RK , Shi W , Chan SO , Chen Y , Xu G , Lau CB , Fung KP , Chan WY , Zhao H .


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All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is an important morphogen involved in many developmental processes, including neural differentiation, body axis formation, and organogenesis. During early embryonic development, atRA is synthesized from all-trans-retinal (atRAL) in an irreversible reaction mainly catalyzed by retinal dehydrogenase 2 (aldh1a2), whereas atRAL is converted from all-trans-retinol via reversible oxidation by retinol dehydrogenases, members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. atRA is degraded by cytochrome P450, family 26 (cyp26). We have previously identified a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3 (dhrs3), which showed differential expression patterns in Xenopus embryos. We show here that the expression of dhrs3 was induced by atRA treatment and overexpression of Xenopus nodal related 1 (xnr1) in animal cap assay. Overexpression of dhrs3 enhanced the phenotype of excessive cyp26a1. In embryos overexpressing aldh1a2 or retinol dehydrogenase 10 (rdh10) in the presence of their respective substrates, Dhrs3 counteracted the action of Aldh1a2 or Rdh10, indicating that retinoic acid signaling is attenuated. Knockdown of Dhrs3 by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides resulted in a phenotype of shortened anteroposterior axis, reduced head structure, and perturbed somitogenesis, which were also found in embryos treated with an excess of atRA. Examination of the expression of brachyury, not, goosecoid, and papc indicated that convergent extension movement was defective in Dhrs3 morphants. Taken together, these studies suggest that dhrs3 participates in atRA metabolism by reducing atRAL levels and is required for proper anteroposterior axis formation, neuroectoderm patterning, and somitogenesis.

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Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: actl6a aldh1a2 cdx4 cyp26a1 cyp4b1 dhrs3 egr2 en2 fgf8 foxd3 gbx2 gbx2.2 gsc hoxb3 hoxd1 lhx1 myod1 nodal nodal1 not pax3 pcdh8 pcdh8.2 rdh10 tbxt
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References [+] :
Abu-Abed, The retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme, CYP26A1, is essential for normal hindbrain patterning, vertebral identity, and development of posterior structures. 2001, Pubmed