Zebisch M , Xu Y , Krastev C , MacDonald BT , Chen M , Gilbert RJ , He X , Jones EY .

090532 Wellcome Trust , 090532/Z/09/Z Wellcome Trust , A10976 Medical Research Council , G9900061 Medical Research Council , GM057603S1 NIGMS NIH HHS , P30 HD-18655 NICHD NIH HHS , P30 HD018655 NICHD NIH HHS , R01 GM057603 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01-GM057603 NIGMS NIH HHS , Cancer Research UK, AM-30102 NIADDK NIH HHS , 10976 Cancer Research UK, WT090532 Wellcome Trust , CRUK_10976 Cancer Research UK

	Figure 1. Unliganded and complexed structures of ZNRF3 and Rspo proteins.(a) Schematic domain organization of Rspo (top) and ZNRF3/RNF43 proteins (bottom) roughly at scale. The domains included in the crystallization constructs are coloured in blue, red and orange. Disulphides are derived from the crystal structure, except for those of the TSR domain of Rspo, which are based on a model48. (b) Cartoon representation of the fold of the ZNRF3 ectodomain protomer. β-strands are numbered and α-helices are labelled in alphabetical order from the N to C terminus. (c) Structure of the recurring ZNRF3ecto dimer with view parallel to the putative membrane layer and from top towards the membrane. An acidic region with sequence 105NNNDEEDLYEY115 is highlighted in red in b and c. (d) The xRspo2Fu1–Fu2 structure. Both β-hairpins and disulphide bridges line up to form a ladder-like structure. The second β-hairpin of Fu1 contains an exposed methionine side chain. (e) Fu1 and Fu2 share the same architecture, except that the second β-hairpin of Fu1 is considerably longer. (f) The ZNRF3ecto–Rspo2Fu1–Fu2 complex as the same 2:2 symmetric complex in all seven crystallographic observations. Shown are two views parallel to the putative membrane orientation. The RNF43ecto–Rspo2Fu1–Fu2 complex resembles one half of this complex (Supplementary Fig. S5). (g) The ZNRF3ecto–Rspo2Fu1–Fu2 interface. xZNRF3ecto is shown in semi-transparent surface (orange) and ribbon, xRspo2Fu1–Fu2, is depicted in blue. Residue side chains involved in the interface are shown as sticks and labelled (atom colouring: dark blue, nitrogen; red, oxygen; yellow, sulphur). Dotted lines represent hydrogen bonds. A corresponding stereo figure with final electron density can be found in Supplementary Fig. S6. (h) The Met-finger pocket. Structural features are represented as in g. BR, basic region; PAD, protease-associated domain; SP, signal peptide; TM, transmembrane; TSR, thrombospondin-related domain.
	Figure 2. Dimerization interface of xZNRF3ecto.(a) View along the twofold axis away from the putative membrane. (b) xZNRF3ecto–xRspoFu1–Fu2 complex with close-up view onto the β1–β2 hairpin arm (‘clamp’) embracing the respective other protomer. This interface is stabilized by binding of Rspo to ZNRF3 and subsequent structuring of the acidic region of the β3–β4 loop drawn in red. Residue numbers refer to mouse proteins.
	Figure 3. Characteristics of the ZNRF3 dimer and Rspo–ZNRF3 complex interfaces.(a) An open book view of the ZNRF3–Rspo interface. The surface contributing to the interface is coloured green on ZNRF3ecto and RspoFu1–Fu2; within this, surface mutants tested in this study are highlighted in red (top). Rspo and ZNRF3ecto coloured by electrostatic surface potential from red (acidic) to blue (basic) (middle). Sequence conservation across species coloured from white (not conserved) to black (conserved). (b) Disease-related mutations are plotted onto the molecular surface of Rspo (top) and ZNRF3/RNF43 (bottom), and are concentrated at the Rspo–ZNRF3/RNF43 interaction interface. Tumour-associated missense mutations derived from the cosmic database ( http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cancergenome/projects/cosmic/) are shown in red and missense mutations causal for congenital anonychia on RSPO4 are shown in orange. Sites in orange on ZNRF3 are mutations of RNF43 that map to the dimer interface of ZNRF3. Numbers 1–4 in parentheses indicate mutations found in RSPO1 to RSPO4 (top). Number 3 and 43 in parentheses indicate mutations found in ZNRF3 and RNF43, respectively (bottom).
	Figure 4. Biophysical characterization of the ZNRF3ecto dimer and interface mutants.(a) Sedimentation velocity experiments. A plot of c(s) (in arbitrary units) against s (in svedbergs). Shown in each case are individual data points and the fit of an appropriate number of Gaussian distributions. All samples were adjusted to a concentration of 350 μM. Also shown arrowed are the expected sedimentation coefficients for the different complexes observed in the crystal structures as predicted using HYDROPRO (see Methods). (b–h) SPR experiments using mZNRF3ecto (b–e) or mRspo2Fu1–Fu2 (f–h) as analyte and interface mutants/variants as immobilized ligands. (b) mZNRF3ecto binds to mRspo2Fu1–Fu2 (I39-G144) and retains high affinity to Fu1 (I39-R95) but not to Fu2 (A94-G144). Fu1–Fu2 polypeptides of human or mouse homologues (hRspo1: I32-S143, hRspo3: R32-H147, mRspo4: T29-Q136) bind with different affinity to mZNRF3ecto. (c) Mutations of the Met-finger impact affinity. (d) Anonychia mutations of RSPO4 introduced to mRspo2Fu1–Fu2 drastically impair binding. (e) Three additional interface mutants of which two (L63F and S53R) have been found in tumour tissues. (f) As the immobilized ligand mZNRF3 binds with lower affinity to the mRspo2Fu1–Fu2 analyte. Of the three interface mutants, two (E109K and M98T) have been identified in tumour tissues. (g) Three interface mutants of hRNF3ecto have been identified in tumours, one of which completely disrupts binding. (h) Binding of mRspo2Fu1–Fu2 to ZNRF3ecto dimer interface mutants. (i) Binding of mRspo2Fu1–Fu2, mRspo4Fu1–Fu2 and chimeras to hLGR5ecto. Single dilution series. (j) Binding of RspoFu1–Fu2 chimeras to ZNRF3ecto. (k) Binding of the preformed hLGR5ecto,lr–Rspo2Fu1–Fu2 complex to ZNRF3ecto dimer interface mutants.
	Figure 5. Activation of the Wnt pathway assayed by the SuperTopFlash reporter.(a–f) Co-transfected decreasing doses (25, 5 and 1 ng) of His-tagged R-spondin constructs used for SPR experiments in Fig. 4. Error bars represent s.d. from three replicates. (g,h) Western blots showing expression levels of the His-tagged R-spondin constructs from whole-cell lysate and conditioned media (CM). Expression for mRspo2 Fu1-His was poor and below the level of detection; however, the individual Fu1 domain from RSPO1 was detected by western blotting and produced identical results (Supplementary Fig. S1b,c). RLU, relative luciferase units.
	Figure 6. The LGR–Rspo–ZNRF3/RNF43 ternary complex.(a) RNF43 interacts with Fu1 of human Rspo1. The secreted RNF43 ectodomain co-immunoprecipitated Rspo1 and its derivatives, Rspo1Fu1–Fu2 and Rspo1ΔFu2, but neither RSPO1ΔFu1 nor Rspo1TSR in conditioned media (CM; left). RNF43 is IgG-tagged, whereas Rspo1 and derivatives are Myc-tagged, and their secretion levels in CM were also examined (right). (b) LGR4 interacts with Fu2 of Rspo1. The secreted LGR4 ectodomain was co-immunoprecipitated by Rspo1 and its derivatives, Rspo1Fu1–Fu2 and Rspo1ΔFu1, but by neither Rspo1ΔFu2 nor Rspo1TSR in CM (left). Secreted LGR4 is HA-tagged and its secretion in CM was examined as were Rspo1 and derivatives (right). (c) Step-by-step ternary complex assimilation. hLGR5ecto (R32-G557) was immobilized on an SPR chip, followed by injections of 10 μM solutions of mZNRF3ecto, mRSPO2Fu1–Fu2, mRSPO2Fu1–Fu2 followed by mZNRF3ecto or a preformed mZNRF3ecto × mRSPO2Fu1–Fu2 complex. mZNRF3ecto shows some direct interaction with LGR5 characterized by a slow on-rate (thin dashed line). Binding is much faster if LGR5 is first saturated with mRSPO2 Fu1–Fu2 (thick solid line). Similar responses are observed when a 1:1 complex of mRSPO2Fu1–Fu2 × mZNRF3ecto is injected. (d) Saturation of immobilized mZNRF3ecto with the hLGR5ecto × mRSPO2Fu1–Fu2 complex that was stable in gel filtration. lr, loop removed: A488-H537→NGNNGD. (e) Saturation of immobilized hLGR5ecto with the mZNRF3ecto × mRSPO2Fu1–Fu2 complex that was stable in gel filtration. Single dilution series.
	Figure 7. Modelling of a ternary 2:2:2 LGRecto–RspoFu1–Fu2–ZNRF3ecto complex and its implication for signalling.(a) The hLGR5ecto × hRSPO1Fu1–Fu2 × mZNRF3ecto 2:2:2 complex was generated by superposing the ternary hLGR5ecto × RSPO1Fu1–Fu2 × hRNF43ecto complex25 (Protein Data Bank ID code 4KNG) onto the mZNRF3ecto dimer from the mRSPO2Fu1–Fu2 complex. No clashes are observed. Glycosylation sites of LGR5 all point into the periphery of the shown complex. (b) A model for regulation of Wnt signalling by RSPO and its receptors based on our results and those by Hao et al.16 The schematic model takes into account the different binding sites of LGRs and ZNRF3/RNF43 on Rspos as determined by us and others25262728.

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