Kotini M , Barriga EH , Leslie J , Gentzel M , Rauschenberger V , Schambony A , Mayor R .

Wellcome Trust , M010465 Medical Research Council (MRC), M008517 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)

	Fig. 1. Cx43 controls NC migration via N-cadherin regulation. a Neural crest chemotaxis towards SDF-1. Scale bar = 100 μm. b Chemotaxis index (nCMO: 40, nCxMO:45 explants; N = 3). c Directionality and velocity of stage 23 (st23) single neural crest cells. Neural crests were dissected and dissociated as described in Methods, followed by time-lapse imaging and tracking of individual cells (nCMO: 110, nCxMO: 115 cells, N = 4), related to Supplementary Movie 1. d Neural crest cell morphology as visualized by life-actin-GFP (arrows mark normal and arrowheads irregular protrusions) and by immunostaining for α-tubulin. e Cell morphology quantification (nCMO = 58, nCxMO = 39, N = 3) and diagram: control cell is shown in blue and Cx43 morphant in yellow. f N-cadherin (NCad) immunostaining of st23 neural crest. g Quantification of N-cad across the cell contact of st23 neural crest. N-cad levels, 0 represents contact point (nCTLMO = 25 and nCx43MO = 45 explants, N = 3). h Western blot (WB) of st23 embryo lysates for N-cad and Mapk. i N-cad levels normalized to MAPK (nCMO: 156, nCxMO: 128 embryos, N = 5). j E-cadherin (ECad) immunostaining of st23 neural crest. k Quantification of E-cad across the cell contact of st23 neural crest cells. E-cad levels, 0 represents contact point (n: 13 explants, N = 3). Scale bars in d, f, and j = 20 μm. l WB of st23 embryo lysates for E-cad and Mapk. Box plots in b and e show the median, box edges represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers show spread of data including outliers (Mann Whitney test p*** < 0.001) and histograms in c, i mean ± SE (two-tailed t test p** < 0.01). Lines in g and k show mean and error bars represent SD (two-tailed t test p*** < 0.001). N number of independent experiments; n sample size. Spread of data in bar charts is shown as overlying dots. n.s. nonsignificant
	Fig. 2. Cx43 mediates N-cadherin mRNA expression. a qPCR of n-cad (nCMO = 68, nCxMO = 58 embryos, N = 8). b Lateral and dorsal views of st23 embryo, analyzed by in situ hybridization ISH against n-cad, arrowheads indicate normal and bracket decreased expression, white arrow injected side and green segmented line the NC. c % of n-cad expressing embryos shown in b (nCMO = 178, nCxMO = 187 embryos, N = 9). d St23 embryo showing neural crest migration by ISH for twist; normal (arrow) and impaired (brackets) migration and e % of st23 embryos with normal neural crest migration (nCMO = 89, nCxMO = 105, nCxMO-ncad = 124 embryos, N = 3). Scales bar in b and d = 50 μm. f St23 neural crest cells expressing nRFP + mRFP; normal (arrows) and short protrusions (arrowheads) and g cell morphology quantification (nCMO = 86, nCxMO = 87, nCxMO-ncad = 98 cells, N = 3); Scales bar in f and h = 15 μm. h St23 neural crest cells expressing nRFP + mRFP; in magenta lamellipodia extensions and i quantification of protrusion area, (nCMO = 37, nCx43MO = 33, nCxMO-ncad = 38 cells, N = 3). j Cell dispersion analysis after 6 h of culture using Delauney triangulation and k its quantification (n = 10 NC explants, N = 3). Histograms in a, c, e, i, and k represent mean ± SE (two-tailed t test p** < 0.01, p*** < 0.001). In g box plots show the median, box edges represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers show spread of data including outliers (Mann Whitney test p*** < 0.001). N number of independent experiments; n sample size. Spread of data in bar charts is shown as overlying dots. n.s. nonsignificant
	Fig. 3. Specificity of Cx43 MOs in neural crest cells. a–c Effect of two different antisense morpholinos against Cx43 (see Methods). a Western blot for Cx43 and α-tubulin, from st23 embryo lysates. b Cx43 levels were normalized to α-tubulin and plotted (N = 3). c Analysis of neural crest migration by ISH for twist in st24 embryos, arrows show normal and brackets impaired migration. Co-injection of either of the MOs with human Cx43FL mRNA, which does not bind the MOs, but is highly conserved with Xenopus Cx43, showed a rescue in neural crest migration confirming the specificity of these treatments. d Neural crest migration index for each treatment. The length of each cephalic neural crest stream was measured in the injected (experimental) and uninjected (control) of the same embryo, and the migration index was defined as the ratio between experimental and control stream length. e % of embryos with normal neural crest migration in each treatment (nCMO: 89, nCxMO1: 78, nCxMO1+FL: 85, nCxMO2: 74, nCxMO2+FL: 95, N = 4). Note that there is no significant difference between the phenotypes produced by the two morpholinos (n.s. in d and e). f CMO- or CxMO-NC transplanted into uninjected host embryos showing tissue-autonomous function. Migration index of st24 transplanted neural crest (nCMO = 35, nCxMO = 37, N = 3). g St 16 embryos were analyzed by ISH for the early expression of neural crest markers sox9, sox10, snail2, foxD3, twist or C3, asterisk indicates the injected side (nCMO = 50; nCxMO = 50, N = 3). Scale bar in c, f, and g = 50 μm. Histograms in b and e represent mean ± SE (one-way ANOVA p < 0.001, two-tailed t test p* < 0.05, p** < 0.01, p*** < 0.001). In d and f box plots show the median, box edges represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers show spread of data including outliers (Mann Whitney test p*** < 0.001). N number of independent experiments; n sample size. Spread of data in bar charts is shown as overlying dots. n.s. nonsignificant
	Fig. 4. Cx43 20 kDa isoform promotes N-cadherin expression. a WB showing Cx43 temporal expression. b Cx43 expression levels normalized to MAPK. Levels for Cx43 full length (Cx43FL) and Cx43-20k are plotted (n = 82 embryos, N = 3). c Western blot against Cx43 using extracts from whole embryos (st21) and dissected neural crest (st21) (nwhole embryo = 20; nneural crest = 50 neural crests, N = 3). d Diagram of Cx43 constructs used. e Blastula embryos analyzed by ISH for n-cad after the indicated treatments. Scale bar = 70 μm. f qPCR for n-cad from blastula control embryos versus embryos expressing Cx53Tail (nControl: 89, nCx43-20k: 95 embryos, N = 4) and g % of blastula embryos expressing N-cadherin mRNA analyzed by ISH (nControl = 62, nCx43-20k = 85 embryos, N = 4). h qPCR for n-cad of st24 embryos (nfrom-left-to-rigth = 120, 118, 92, 86, 78, 92 embryos, N = 4). i St24 embryos showing neural crest migration by ISH of twist; arrowheads: normal migration, brackets: impaired migration, asterisk: eye. j % of embryos with normal neural crest migration as analyzed by twist ISH of st24 embryos (nCMO = 115 and N = 6, nCxMO = 116 and N = 6, nCxMO+FL = 124 and N = 5, nCxMO+Trun = 145 and N = 4, nCxMO+Cx43-20k = 156 and N = 5). k Dorsal view of St24 embryos analyzed for ISH of n-cad; arrows indicate injected side and black dotted area the neural crest. l % n-cad expressing embryos st24 (nCMO = 42 and N = 6, nCxMO = 42 and N = 6, nCxMO+FL = 13 and N = 4, nCxMO+Trun = 15 and N = 4, nCxMO+cx43-20k = 19 and N = 4). Scale bars in i and k = 60 μm. Histograms in g, h, j, and l represent mean ± SE (one-way ANOVA p < 0.001; two-tailed t test p** < 0.01, p* < 0.05) n.s. nonsignificant. Dots in f show the spread of data and lines represent median ± interquartile (Mann Whitney test p** < 0.01). N number of independent experiments; n sample size. Spread of data in bar charts is shown as overlying dots
	Fig. 5. Cx43-20 kDa isoform is generated from Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES). a twist ISH lcompared with Cx43 immunostaining in stage 24 embryos; IgG control antibody; arrow: neural crest; asterisk: eye. Drawing: Cx43 and twist expression summary. Scale bar = 80 μm. b Cx43-20k protein levels (analyzed by WB) and N-cadherin mRNA (analyzed by qPCR) in st23 NC cells (n = 61 embryos, N = 3). c–h Cx43 putative IRES and activity of Cx43 isoforms. c Predicted methionine-initiated polypeptide. Green: constructs used in e. Red arrows: abundant peptides found in Xenopus; gray arrows: less abundant or absent peptides in Xenopus. d WB of embryos at NC migratory stages with antibody against the Cx43 C-terminus. Major bands correspond to Cx43FL and Cx43-20k (arrows). e WB of neural crest expressing the Cx43-20k-HA with an antibody against HA. The only band generated corresponds to the M276-initiated peptide (Cx43-20k). f Injection of Cx43-20k, but not Cx43-11k, leads to induction of N-cadherin expression in blastula embryos; percentage of embryos displaying N-cadherin expression, (nCx43-11k = 20 embryos nCx43-20k = 20 embryos, N = 3). Scale bar = 70 μm. g WB against Cx43 from embryos at st21 injected with Cx43-HA (lane 1) and with Cx43 mutated in methionine 213 (M213L Cx43, lane 2). h WB’s quantification (nlane1 = 20 embryos nlane2 = 20 embryos, N = 4). i WB of st22 neural crest cells with antibody against the Cx43 C terminus. Lane1: control neural crest; lane 2: neural crest injected with Hif-1α morpholinos; lane 3: neural crest expressing a dominant active form of Hif-1α. j Quantification of Cx43 isoforms (ncontrol = 50; nHif-1αMO = 50; nHif-1αΔ = 50 neural crests, N = 6 independent experiments). Hif-1αMO and Hif-1αΔ were previously validated25. In f, h, and j histograms represent mean and bars show s.e.m. (in j one-way ANOVA p < 0.001, two-tailed t test, p** < 0.01, p*** < 0.001, p**** < 0.0001). N number of independent experiments; n sample size. Spread of data in bar charts is shown as overlying dots
	Fig. 6. Cx43 carboxy-terminal controls N-cadherin by localizing into the nucleus. a Hela cells transfected with GFP-tagged Cx43 forms as indicated (in green), red: phalloidin, blue: DAPI. Scale bar = 25 μm. b–i Inducible construct to control nuclear localization of Cx43-20k in neural crest and Hela cells. b Diagram of Cx43-20k-GR-GFP function. GR: glucocorticoid receptor domain. When Cx43-20kGR is expressed in a cell, it binds to HSP90 which sequestrates it into the cytoplasm; upon addition of the ligand (dex: dexamethasone) Cx43-20kGR is released and it can go into the nucleus. c St23 neural crest expressing Cx43-20kGR-GFP with (+) or without (−) dxm. Note that GFP fluorescence is uniformly distributed in -dxm cells, but it becomes localized in the nucleus after dxm treatment. Chart in c shows Cx43-20kGR nuclear fluorescence normalized to the cytosolic fluorescence (n−dxm = 78, n+dxm = 89 cells, N = 3). Scale bar = 20 μm. d qPCR for n-cad of st20 embryos (Nfrom bars1–4 = 4, 4, 5, 5). e Activation of Cx43-20k nuclear localization by dxm rescues n-cad levels, analyzed by ISH for twist in embryos at st24. White arrow shows injected side and green line the neural crest. f % of n-cad expressing embryos shown in e (nCMO = 83, nCxMO = 95, n−dxm = 67, n+dxm = 64, N = 4). g St24 embryos showing neural crest migration by ISH of twist; arrowheads: normal migration, brackets: impaired migration, asterisk: eye. Scale bars in e, i, and g = 50 μm. h % of embryos with normal neural crest migration analyzed by ISH for twist; embryos are shown in g (nCMO = 91, nCxMO = 102, n−dxm = 87, n+dxm = 93, N = 5). i HeLa cells were transfected with EGFP or with Cx43-20kGR-GFP and treated with DMSO or dxm. Chart in i shows Cx43-20kGR-GFP nuclear fluorescence normalized to the cytosolic fluorescence (n−dxm = 56, n+dxm = 72 cells, N = 3); Scale bar = 25 μm. Histograms in c, d, f, h, and i represent mean ± S.E. (one-way ANOVA p < 0.001, two-tailed t test p** < 0.01, p*** < 0.001). N number of independent experiments; n sample size. Spread of data in bar charts is shown as overlying dots. n.s. nonsignificant
	Fig. 7. Cx43-20Kd isoform interacts with BTF3 to regulate N-cadherin transcription. a Summary of the actinomycin D treatment. CxMO injection in embryos at the two-cell stage, followed by incubation with 4 μg/ml of the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D and harvested for qPCR at the indicated times. b qPCR of st23 neural crest plotted as relative n-cad expression over time. The slope of these curves represents the N-cad mRNA degradation rate on time, which is shown in c (N = 5). d Blastula embryos analyzed by ISH for n-cad after the indicated treatments. Scale bar = 40 μm. e Quantification of data shown in e as % of embryos expressing n-cad analyzed by ISH at blastula stage embryos (nCTL = 35, nCx43-20kGR = 46, nCx43-20kGR+dxm = 55, nCTL+cyc = 65, nCx43-20kGR+cyc = 57, nCx43-20kGR+dxm+cyc = 64, N = 3). f Summary of mass spectrometry results to identify Cx43-20kD binding partners. Left: Pie chart of Cx43-20 kD interactants. Right: Venn diagram of interactants found in nucleus. The Cx43-20kD binding partner shown in green corresponds to BTF3. g In situ hybridization for btf3, twist, and n-cad in st24 embryos, arrows show neural crest and asterisk the eye. Scale bar = 50 μm. Note that btf3 and n-cad are coexpressed in the migrating neural crest (identified by twist expression), and in the eye and neural tube. Summary of btf3, twist and n-cad expression profiles. Histograms in c and e represent mean ± S.E. (in e one-way ANOVA p < 0.001, two-tailed t- test p** < 0.01, p*** < 0.001). N number of independent experiments; n sample size. Spread of data in bar charts is shown as overlying dots. n.s. nonsignificant
	Fig. 8. Cx43 carboxy-terminal is recruited to the nucleus by BTF3. a St24 embryos showing neural crest migration by ISH of twist. Arrowheads show normal and brackets impaired migration. Asterisk indicates the eye. Scale bar = 40 μm. b Neural crest migration index for the indicated treatment. (nCMO = 89, nBTF3MO = 98, nBTF3MO-BTF3FL = 105, N = 4. c Lateral view of embryos at st24 showing n-cad expression, analyzed by ISH. Arrows show normal and brackets impaired expression, asterisk indicates the eye. d % of n-cad expressing embryos shown in c (nCMO = 92, nBTF3MO = 127, nbtFL+BTF3MO = 98 embryos, N = 4). e Analysis of N-cadherin expression in blastulae embryos (st9). Scale bar = 30 μm. f n-cad expression levels, representative embryos in e (nCMO = 56, nCx-20k = 112, nCx-20k-BTF3MO = 88 embryos, N = 4). g Temporal analysis of Cx43-20k-GR nuclear localization in st23 neural crest after addition of dxm (time is shown in minutes after dxm treatment). Cx43-20k-GFP is shown in color-coded intensity and n-RFP is used to visualize the nucleus. Graph shows Cx43-20kGR-GFP nuclear fluorescence normalized to the cytosolic fluorescence (nCMO = 25, nBTF3MO = 32 explants, N = 3). h St23 neural crest, showing color-coded intensity of Cx43-20k-GFP compared with nRFP to visualize nuclear localization. In red diagrams BTF3 NLS deletion constructs are shown. Chart of nucleus vs. cytosol ratio of Cx43-20k-GFP (nCMO = 25, nBTF3MO = 39, nBTF3MO-btf3 = 58, nBTF3MO-btf3ΔNLS = 58, N = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars in g and h = 20 μm. In b box plots show the median, box edges represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers show spread of data including outliers (Mann Whitney test p*** < 0.001). Histograms in d, f, h, and lines in g represent mean and error bars S.E. (one-way ANOVA; p < 0.001; two-tailed t test p** < 0.01, p*** < 0.001. N number of independent experiments; n sample size. Spread of data in bar charts is shown as overlying dots. n.s. nonsignificant
	Fig. 9. Nuclear localization of Cx43-20k and N-cad expression is BTF3 dependent in HeLa cells. a, b siRNA efficiency. HeLa cells were transfected with siRNA control (siCTL) and siRNA against BTF3 (siBTF3). siBTF3 leads to an efficient reduction in Btf3 mRNA as analyzed by qPCR (a) (N = 4) and BTF3 protein as analyzed by western blot (b) (N = 4). c, d Cx43-20k nuclear localization. c siBTF3 leads to a strong reduction in Cx43-20k nuclear localization, compared with siCTL (N = 3). d No difference between siCTL and siBTF3 was observed in cells transfected with a control GFP vector (N = 3). Scale bar = 20 μm. e, f N-cadherin expression. siBTF3 leads to a strong reduction of the n-cadherin mRNA (N = 4) (e) and protein levels (N = 4) (f) induced by Cx43-20k-GFP, as indicated by qPCR and western blot analyses. Histograms in a, b, e, and f represent mean ± S.E. (one-way ANOVA for e p*** < 0.001, two-tailed t- test p** < 0.01, p*** < 0.001, p**** < 0.0001). N number of independent experiments; n sample size. Spread of data in bar charts is shown as overlying dots. n.s. nonsignificant
	Fig. 10. Cx43 carboxy-terminal and BTF3 form a transcriptional complex. a Diagram (top) summarizing the localization of BTF3 and Cx43 in the nucleus of st23 neural crest (bottom). Anti-BTF3 (magenta), Anti-Cx43 (green) and DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 15 μm. b Diagrams of the BiFC system. BiFC results showing that BTF3 and Cx43-20k interact in the nucleus of st23 neural crest. VENUS components coexpressed on neural crests. Scale bar = 20 μm. c Intensity of VENUS showing the efficiency of the BiFC system in the different treatments (top) and nucleus to cytosol ratio (bottom) of BiFC signal (nTruncVC = 150, nCx43-20kVC = 147, nVC = 98 cells, N = 3). d Co-immunoprecipitation of BTF3 and Cx43 in HeLa cells (N = 4). e Co-immunoprecipitation showing biochemical interaction between BTF3 and Polymesare II (N = 3). f, g ChIP experiments for n-cad promoter of st23 neural crest as indicated (f: N = 3, g: N = 3). Histograms in c, f, and g represent mean ± SE (one-way ANOVA p < 0. 001, two-tailed t- test p** < 0.01, p*** < 0.001). N number of independent experiments; n sample size. Spread of data in bar charts is shown as overlying dots. n.s. nonsignificant

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