Dahms-Verster S et al. (2023), Mortality and malformation effects of acute van...

XB-ART-59664

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023 Apr 01;3019:55730-55741. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-26196-x.

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Mortality and malformation effects of acute vanadium (V) exposure on the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) embryos.

Dahms-Verster S , Nel A , van Vuren JHJ , Greenfield R .

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Vanadium (V) is a transition metal that is found in low concentrations in aquatic ecosystems. These levels increase due to anthropogenic activities. The mortality and teratogenicity effects of V remain unexplored in amphibian species. To address this gap in the knowledge base, a standard Frog Embryo Teratogenic Index - Xenopus (FETAX) assessment was conducted. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) was chosen for its known toxicity in other aquatic biota and its solubility in water. A range-finding test was conducted in two different mediums, V2O5 in distilled water (VDH2O) and V2O5 in FETAX medium (VMED), to determine concentration ranges where effects occurred. Thereafter, definitive tests were conducted using two separate breeding pairs, with two replicate dishes per concentration containing 15 embryos each. Multiple endpoints were assessed including mortality, malformations, minimum concentration to inhibit growth (MCIG), and the teratogenic index (TI). Mortality and malformation effects occurred at different ranges, and therefore, the exposures were conducted in low dose and high dose ranges. The high dose range for mortality effects was conducted at 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/L of V. The low dose exposures to assess malformation effects were conducted at 0.0001, 0.00025, 0.0005, 0.00075, and 0.001 mg/L. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the LC50 and EC50 for the two sets of definitive tests. The LC50s were determined to be 46.10 mg/L and 26.91 mg/L for VDH2O and 34.50 and 25.25 for VMED for the two breeding pairs respectively. The EC50 was calculated as 0.00053 mg/L and 0.00037 mg/L for VDH2O and 0.00036 mg/L and 0.00017 mg/L for VMED for the two definitive tests respectively. The TI was calculated as 86,981 and 72,729 for VDH2O and 95,833 and 148,526 for VMED. Ultimately, there were severe malformation effects in embryos exposed to low doses of V and V was determined to be a very strong teratogen.

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Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
GO keywords: embryo development

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References [+] :

Bantle, Initial interlaboratory validation study of FETAX: phase I testing. 1994, Pubmed, Xenbase

	Fig. 1 Mortality and malformation percentages found in the 96-h range-finding experiment using vanadium in distilled water (VDH2O) and FETAX medium
	Fig. 2 Mortality found in the definitive tests where A represents the mortality observed in the two definitive tests, DT1 and DT2, for vanadium in distilled water (VDH2O) as well as vanadium in FETAX medium (VMED). Error bars indicate standard deviation (SD) (n = 15)
	Fig. 3 Estimated marginal means of tadpole length in definitive test 1 (A) and definitive test 2 (B) determined in the two medium types (VDH2O and VMED) using a repeated measures ANOVA. Concentration groups include the following: 1 = control, 2 = 0.00025, 3 = 0.0005, 4 = 0.00075, 5 = 0.001, 6 = 10, 7 = 20, 8 = 40, 9 = 80 mg/L. Significant differences from the control are indicated with asterisks (P < 0.05). Error bars indicate standard error
	Fig. 4 Probability curves determined by binary logistic regression analysis conducted on the mortality data acquired after 96-h exposure to vanadium in distilled water (VDH2O) and vanadium in FETAX medium (VMED)
	Fig. 5 Probability curves determined by binary logistic regression analysis conducted on the malformation data acquired after 96-h exposure to vanadium in distilled water (VDH2O) and vanadium in FETAX medium (VMED)
	Fig. 6 A Normal gut (top) and severely uncoiled gut (bottom). B Various forms and severities of edema. C) Axial malformations including axial bending, brainstem growth, multiple tails. D Normal head size (top) as opposed to severe microcephaly (bottom). E Normal eyes (top left) compared to reduced eye size (top right), burst cornea (middle), blindness (bottom left), and no eye development (bottom right). F Hyperpigmentation (top) of the gut and brainstem as well as severe hypopigmentation of the same areas (bottom)