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Toxics
2023 Mar 31;114:. doi: 10.3390/toxics11040333.
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Pesticides and Parabens Contaminating Aquatic Environment: Acute and Sub-Chronic Toxicity towards Early-Life Stages of Freshwater Fish and Amphibians.
Medkova D
,
Hollerova A
,
Riesova B
,
Blahova J
,
Hodkovicova N
,
Marsalek P
,
Doubkova V
,
Weiserova Z
,
Mares J
,
Faldyna M
,
Tichy F
,
Svobodova Z
,
Lakdawala P
.
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Pesticides and personal care products are two very important groups of contaminants posing a threat to the aquatic environment and the organisms living in it.. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the effects of widely used pesticides and parabens on aquatic non-target biota such as fish (using model organisms Danio rerio and Cyprinus carpio) and amphibians (using model organism Xenopus laevis) using a wide range of endpoints. The first part of the experiment was focused on the embryonal toxicity of three widely used pesticides (metazachlor, prochloraz, and 4-chloro-2-methyl phenoxy acetic acid) and three parabens (methylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben) with D. rerio, C. carpio, and X. laevis embryos. An emphasis was placed on using mostly sub-lethal concentrations that are partially relevant to the environmental concentrations of the substances studied. In the second part of the study, an embryo-larval toxicity test with C. carpio was carried out with prochloraz using concentrations 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/L. The results of both parts of the study show that even the low, environmentally relevant concentrations of the chemicals tested are often able to affect the expression of genes that play either a prominent role in detoxification and sex hormone production or indicate cell stress or, in case of prochloraz, to induce genotoxicity.
Scheme 1. Tests carried out with the specification of the length of the test, species used, and substances tested.
Figure 1. Relative mRNA expression of selected genes in D. rerio embryos exposed to various pesticides. Concentrations are indicated in µg/L. Box plot graphs were constructed using median, Q1, Q2 with whiskers of maximum 1.5 interquartile range. Statistically significant differences are indicated by * (p < 0.05) or ** (p < 0.01).
Figure 2. Relative mRNA expression of selected genes in C. carpio embryos exposed to MCPA. Concentrations are indicated in µg/L. Box plot graphs were constructed using median, Q1, and Q2 with whiskers of a maximum 1.5 interquartile range. Statistically significant differences are indicated by ** (p < 0.01).
Figure 3. Relative mRNA expression of selected genes in X. tropicalis embryos exposed to various pesticides. Concentrations are indicated in µg/L. Box plot graphs were constructed using median, Q1, and Q2 with whiskers of a maximum 1.5 interquartile range. Statistically significant differences are indicated by * (p < 0.05).
Figure 4. Relative mRNA expression of selected genes in D. rerio embryos exposed to various parabens. Concentrations are indicated in µg/L. Box plot graphs were constructed using median, Q1, and Q2 with whiskers of a maximum 1.5 interquartile range. Statistically significant differences are indicated by * (p < 0.05) or ** (p < 0.01).
Figure 5. Relative mRNA expression of selected genes in C. carpio embryos exposed to PPP. Concentrations are indicated in µg/L. Box plot graphs were constructed using median, Q1, and Q2 with whiskers of a maximum 1.5 interquartile range. Statistically significant differences are indicated by ** (p < 0.01).
Figure 6. Relative mRNA expression of selected genes in X. laevis embryos exposed to MTP. Concentrations are indicated in µg/L. Box plot graphs were constructed using median, Q1, Q2 with whiskers of maximum 1.5 interquartile range. Statistically significant differences are indicated ** (p < 0.01).
Figure 7. The gills at the control group (A); (black arrow vessel tinting, blue arrow leaf deformation), and gills at the concentration 1000 µg/L of PCZ (B); (black arrows showing total deformation of gill leaves).
Figure 8. The eye in the control group (A) and deformation of an eye after exposure to 1000 µg/L of PCZ (B), indicated by black arrows. The normal structure of the brain at the control group (C) and (submeningeal lesion with alterations in the brain) after exposure to 1000 µg/L of PCZ; (D) magnification 200×; (E) magnification 400×.
Figure 9. Results of various oxidative stress indices in C. carpio larvae after exposure to PCZ (expressed to mg or g tissue). Concentrations are indicated in µg/L. Box plot graphs were constructed using median, Q1, and Q2 with whiskers of a maximum 1.5 interquartile range. Statistically significant differences are indicated by * (p < 0.05) or ** (p < 0.01).
Figure 10. Relative mRNA expression of selected genes in C. carpio larvae exposed to PCZ. Concentrations are indicated in µg/L. Box plot graphs were constructed using median, Q1, and Q2 with whiskers of a maximum 1.5 interquartile range. Statistically significant differences are indicated by ** (p < 0.01).
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