Dev Biol 2024 Feb 15;518:8-19. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.11.006.

Maternal and zygotic contributions to H3K4me1 chromatin marking during germ layer formation.

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The early step in triploblastic embryo differentiation is the formation of the three germ layers. Maternal pioneer transcription factors (TFs) bind to embryonic enhancers before zygotic genome activation, initiating germ layer specification. While maternal TFs' role in establishing epigenetic marks is known, how early pluripotent cells gain spatially restricted epigenetic identities remains unclear. We show that by the early gastrula stage, H3K4me1-marked regions become distinct in each germ layer, with certain chromatin regions forming high density H3K4me1 marked regions (HDRs). Genes associated with these HDRs are more robustly expressed compared to those associated with low density H3K4me1 marked regions LDRs in the genome. This process is driven by the sequential actions of maternal and zygotic factors. Knockdown of key maternal endodermal TFs (Otx1, Vegt and Foxh1) leads to a loss of endodermal H3K4me1 marks in endoderm, with a concurrent emergence of ectodermal and mesodermal marks, indicating a shift in chromatin state. This work highlights the importance of coordinated activities of maternal and zygotic TFs in defining the regionally-resolved and dynamic process of chromatin modification conferred by H3K4me1 in the early Xenopus embryo.

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Species referenced: Xenopus tropicalis
Genes referenced: adamts17 admp admp2 bambi bmp2k bmp4 bmper chrd elavl3 ets2 fgf8 fgfr4 flot2 foxa2 foxh1 foxi1 foxn2 fzd8 gata6 hes4 hnf1b hoxb2 hoxb4 hoxb6 kdm3a klf17 nedd9 nodal otx1 pitx2 rarb rdh10 smad6 sox17a sox17b sox2 tbxt tcf12 tead4 vegt ventx1 ventx2 ventx2.2 wnt5b
GO keywords: formation of primary germ layer [+]