XB-ART-61848
Development
2026 May 01;1539:. doi: 10.1242/dev.205164.
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Vertebrate endoderm development.
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The endoderm forms the innermost layer of the embryonic gut tube. It gives rise to the epithelial and glandular components of many internal organs, including those of the digestive and respiratory systems. Endodermal organs have essential physiological processes such as nutrient absorption, respiration, detoxification and endocrine regulation. Over the past two decades, work in vertebrate embryos and human pluripotent stem cell models has defined the mechanisms that govern endoderm formation, regionalization and organogenesis. These processes are driven by conserved cell signaling pathways acting in concert with lineage-specific transcription factors to establish and refine endodermal cell identity. Interactions between endoderm and adjacent mesoderm further guide tissue morphogenesis and organ-specific differentiation. Insights from these studies not only reveal fundamental principles of development, but also inform the origins of congenital disorders and advance efforts to engineer functional human tissues in vitro for disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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Species referenced: Xenopus tropicalis Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: cdx2 foxe1 foxn1 gata4 gcm2 hhex hnf1b hnf4a hnf4g isl1 klf5 mnx1 nkx2-1 nkx6-2 nr2f1 onecut1 osr1 otx2 pax8 pdx1 prox1 ptf1a rfx6 satb2 sox17a sox2 sox9 tbx3 tp63
GO keywords: endodermal cell fate specification