Larger Image Figure 1. Wdr5 Regulates Ciliogenesis in MCCs Independently of H3K4MT (A) X. tropicalis epidermal MCCs marked either by anti-acetylated α-tubulin (red) or membrane-RFP; actin is labeled with phalloidin and nuclei with Hoechst. Scanning electron microscope images of MCCs of Xenopus embryos (green stars mark MCCs). Uninjected control embryos are on the left, and embryos injected at one cell stage with wdr5 MO are on the right. (B) Cilia-driven epidermal flow is visualized using red microbeads over the period of 6 s (see Video S1). Magenta arrowheads indicate bead displacement from starting point (dashed lines). Green arrowheads indicate no displacement. Green fluorescent protein traces the morpholino and RNA. Experimental conditions include wdr5 MO, wdr5 MO + human WT WDR5 RNA, wdr5 MO + human mutant S91K WDR5 RNA, and compared to uninjected controls. (C) Quantification of maximum bead displacement (micron) in 6 s in uninjected controls, first wdr5 MO, second wdr5 MO, first wdr5 MO + WT-WDR5-3xGFP, first wdr5 MO + S91K-WDR5-3xGFP, and first wdr5 MO + K7Q-WDR5-3xGFP. n = number of embryos. ★★★ indicates statistical significance at p < 0.0005. Data is represented as mean ± SEM. (D) X. tropicalis epidermal MCCs marked with anti-acetylated α-tubulin (green) for cilia and phalloidin (red) for actin. Percentage of embryos with wild-type-like cilia (magenta), partial rescue (green), or complete loss (cyan) of cilia under different conditions: uninjected controls, wdr5 MO, wdr5 MO + human WT-WDR5, and wdr5 MO + human S91K-WDR5. n = number of embryos. ★★★ indicates statistical significance at p < 0.0005. Image published in: Kulkarni SS et al. (2018) Copyright © 2018. Image reproduced with permission of the Publisher, Elsevier B. V. Gene Synonyms Species Stage(s) Tissue tuba4b alpha tubulin, alpha-tubulin, tuba4, tuba4a X. tropicalis Sometime during NF stage 28 to NF stage 29 and 30 multiciliated epidermal cell cilium Image source: Published Permanent Image Page Printer Friendly View XB-IMG-173817