Larger Image Figure 2. Effects of SR-A competitive and non-competitive ligands on the cell-associated FV3 load in X. laevis CSF-1 Ms and IL-34 Ms. The X. laevis CSF-1 Ms and IL-34 Ms were derived by culturing adult frog bone marrow cells with recombinant CSF-1 or IL-34, respectively, for 5 days. The Ms were then pre-treated with 200 g/mL of the SR-A competitive ligands (DxSO4, fucoidan) (A,B) and non-competitive ligands (ChSO4, fetuin) (C,D) for 1 h and challenged with FV3 (MOI of 0.5) for 2 h. The FV3 DNA viral loads were determined by absolute qPCR. The results are presented as means  SEM (n = 3–5). Statistical analysis using a one-way ANOVA test and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with 95% confidence intervals was performed. p values less than 0.05 are considered statistically significant. Groups with different letters are statistically different from one another. Image published in: Vo NTK et al. (2019) © 2019 by the authors. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Permanent Image Page Printer Friendly View XB-IMG-174833