Fig. 8. XRDH10 contributes to CNS patterning and the posteriorizing effect of retinol. Morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs; each 2.6 pmol per embryo) were injected into the margin of one blastomere at the two-cell stage. The non-targeted mRNA constructs XRDH10* and mRALDH2 (each 1 ng) and the lineage tracer nlacZ mRNA were co-injected. Embryos are shown in dorsal view (anterior to the top). (A-F) Late gastrula embryos. XRDH10-MO, XRALDH2-MO, or a combination of both morpholinos, cause a reduction and posteriorward retraction of HoxD1expression, which is reverted by XRDH10* and mRALDH2 mRNA. (G-L) Neurula embryos showing expression of En2 (midbrain-hindbrain boundary), HoxB3 (hindbrain rhombomeres 5 and 6) and HoxC6 (anterior spinal cord). (M-R) Tailbud embryos depicting expression of Rx2A (eyes) and Krox20 (rhombomeres 3 and 5). (S) Effects of XRDH10 and XRALDH2 knockdown on hindbrain patterning. The posteriorward shift of Krox20 expression is shown in response to MO injections at the indicated doses. (T-W) Treatment with 100 µM retinol at stages 9-12 induces a robust anterior expansion of HoxD1 expression in late gastrula embryos (V). XRDH10-MO reverts the effect of retinol on the injected right-hand side (W). Frequency of embryos with the indicated phenotype was: A, 77/88; B, 55/105; C, 30/68; D, 54/88; E, 19/21; F, 23/25; G, 34/35; H, 17/31 (En2); H, 30/31 (HoxB3); H, 27/31 (HoxC6); I, 15/33 (En2); I, 31/33 (HoxB3); I, 32/33 (HoxC6); J, 6/9 (En2); J, 8/9 (HoxB3); J, 5/9 (HoxC6); K, 20/23; L, 39/39; M, 10/10; N, 35/73; O, 37/69; P, 38/60; Q, 10/10; R, 13/14; T, 9/9; U, 7/13; V, 9/9; W, 20/33 embryos.
Image published in: Strate I et al. (2009)
Copyright © 2009. Image reproduced with permission of the publisher and the copyright holder. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
| Gene | Synonyms | Species | Stage(s) | Tissue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hoxd1.S | MGC131028, Xhox.lab, xhox.lab1, xhoxd1, xlab, Xlab-1 | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 12.5 | mesoderm ectoderm |
| hoxc6.S | ACI, xeb1, XlHbox1 | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 18 | neural tube |
| hoxb3.S | hox2.7, hoxb-3, LOC108700804, LOC108702517 | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 18 | neural tube |
| en2.L | En-2, en2-a, en2-b, eng2, engrailed 2, engrailed homolog 2, engrailed-2, maben, xen2 | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 18 | neural tube |
| egr2.L | EGR-2, Krox-20, krox20, XKr20, XKrox-20 | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 22 | hindbrain cranial neural crest neuroectoderm rhombomere R3 rhombomere R5 |
| rax.S | rax-a, rax-b, rax1, rx, rx-1, rx1, rx1a, Rx2A, Xrax, Xrx1, Xrx1A | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 22 | eye |
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