LR abnormalities from MO knockdown in X. tropicalis. MOs were injected at the one-cell stage and heart and gut looping were assayed in tadpoles at stage 45/46. Views are from the ventral aspect, shown in schematic form in F. (A) Heart (area outlined in red box as in schematic in F) showing normal D-looping. The inflow (red arrow) is on the tadpole's left, the outflow tract (yellow arrow) is on the tadpole's right. (B) Heart showing abnormal, anterior, A-looping. The inflow (red) and outflow (yellow) are both at the midline, with no discernible LR orientation. (C) Heart showing abnormal, reversed, L-looping. The inflow (red) is on the tadpole's right, the outflow (yellow) is on the tadpole's left. (D) Normal clockwise rotation of the gut. (E) Abnormal gut rotation. (F) Schematic of Xenopus tadpole at stage 45/46; ventral view with anterior to the top; arrows indicate heart and gut. (G) Heart looping in MO knockdown tadpoles. Both dnah9 and ift88 are positive controls; standard control MO (StdCtrl), uninjected control (UiC), and dye-injected (Dye) are negative controls. Bars show the total percentage of abnormally looped hearts: divided into A-loop (blue) and l-loop (red). (H) Gut looping in MO knockdown tadpoles. Both dnah9 and ift88 MOs are used as positive controls; StdCtrl, UiC, and Dye are used as negative controls. Red bars show the the percent of abnormal gut loops. Heart and gut looping were analyzed by two independent readers blinded to group status with 95% concordance. *P < 10−4 vs. StdCtrl.
Image published in: Fakhro KA et al. (2011)
Copyright © 2011. Image reproduced with permission of the publisher and the copyright holder. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
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