Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Adult organ-specific stem cells are essential for organ homeostasis and tissue repair and regeneration. The formation of such stem cells during vertebrate development is poorly understood. Intestinal remodeling during thyroid hormone (T3)-dependent Xenopus metamorphosis resembles postembryonic intestinal maturation in mammals. During metamorphosis, the intestine is remodeled de novo via a yet unknown mechanism. Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is up-regulated in and required for adult intestinal stem cells during metamorphosis. PRMT1 up-regulation is the earliest known molecular event for the developing stem cells and is also conserved during zebrafish and mouse intestinal development. To analyze how PRMT1 is specifically up-regulated during the formation of the adult intestinal stem cells, we cloned the Xenopus PRMT1 promoter and characterized it in CaCo-2 cells, a human cell line with intestinal stem cell characteristics. Through a series deletion and mutational analyses, we showed that the stem cell-associated transcription factor c-Myc could bind to a conserved site in the first intron to activate the promoter. Furthermore, we demonstrated that during metamorphosis, both c-Myc and PRMT1 were highly up-regulated, specifically in the remodeling intestine but not the resorbing tail, and that c-Myc was induced by T3 prior to PRMT1 up-regulation. In addition, we showed that T3 directly activated the c-Myc gene during metamorphosis in the intestine via binding of the T3 receptor to the c-Myc promoter. These results suggest that T3 induces c-Myc transcription directly in the intestine, that c-Myc, in turn, activates PRMT1 expression, and that this is an important gene regulation cascade controlling intestinal stem cell development.
Amano,
Metamorphosis-associated and region-specific expression of calbindin gene in the posterior intestinal epithelium of Xenopus laevis larva.
1998, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Amano,
Metamorphosis-associated and region-specific expression of calbindin gene in the posterior intestinal epithelium of Xenopus laevis larva.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Aoki,
Methylation of Xenopus CIRP2 regulates its arginine- and glycine-rich region-mediated nucleocytoplasmic distribution.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Bagamasbad,
A role for basic transcription element-binding protein 1 (BTEB1) in the autoinduction of thyroid hormone receptor beta.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Barrero,
Two functional modes of a nuclear receptor-recruited arginine methyltransferase in transcriptional activation.
2006,
Pubmed
Batut,
The Ca2+-induced methyltransferase xPRMT1b controls neural fate in amphibian embryo.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Bilesimo,
Specific histone lysine 4 methylation patterns define TR-binding capacity and differentiate direct T3 responses.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Brown,
Amphibian metamorphosis.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Buchholz,
Molecular and developmental analyses of thyroid hormone receptor function in Xenopus laevis, the African clawed frog.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Buchholz,
A dominant-negative thyroid hormone receptor blocks amphibian metamorphosis by retaining corepressors at target genes.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Buchholz,
Transgenic analysis reveals that thyroid hormone receptor is sufficient to mediate the thyroid hormone signal in frog metamorphosis.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Buchholz,
Spatial and temporal expression pattern of a novel gene in the frog Xenopus laevis: correlations with adult intestinal epithelial differentiation during metamorphosis.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Burke,
Co-repressors 2000.
2000,
Pubmed
Chen,
Regulation of transcription by a protein methyltransferase.
1999,
Pubmed
Christen,
Regeneration and reprogramming compared.
2010,
Pubmed
Das,
Identification of direct thyroid hormone response genes reveals the earliest gene regulation programs during frog metamorphosis.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Denver,
Thyroid hormone receptor subtype specificity for hormone-dependent neurogenesis in Xenopus laevis.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Eilers,
Myc's broad reach.
2008,
Pubmed
Flamant,
Congenital hypothyroid Pax8(-/-) mutant mice can be rescued by inactivating the TRalpha gene.
2002,
Pubmed
Fujimoto,
One of the duplicated matrix metalloproteinase-9 genes is expressed in regressing tail during anuran metamorphosis.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Goulet,
Alternative splicing yields protein arginine methyltransferase 1 isoforms with distinct activity, substrate specificity, and subcellular localization.
2007,
Pubmed
Harper,
The transcriptional repressor Blimp1/Prdm1 regulates postnatal reprogramming of intestinal enterocytes.
2011,
Pubmed
Havis,
Metamorphic T3-response genes have specific co-regulator requirements.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hu,
Transcriptional repression by nuclear hormone receptors.
2000,
Pubmed
Ishizuya-Oka,
Shh/BMP-4 signaling pathway is essential for intestinal epithelial development during Xenopus larval-to-adult remodeling.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ishizuya-Oka,
Evolutionary insights into postembryonic development of adult intestinal stem cells.
2011,
Pubmed
Ishizuya-Oka,
Thyroid-hormone-dependent and fibroblast-specific expression of BMP-4 correlates with adult epithelial development during amphibian intestinal remodeling.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ishizuya-Oka,
Anteroposterior gradient of epithelial transformation during amphibian intestinal remodeling: immunohistochemical detection of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ishizuya-Oka,
Origin of the adult intestinal stem cells induced by thyroid hormone in Xenopus laevis.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ishizuya-Oka,
Induction of metamorphosis by thyroid hormone in anuran small intestine cultured organotypically in vitro.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ito,
The TRAP/SMCC/Mediator complex and thyroid hormone receptor function.
2001,
Pubmed
Jepsen,
Biological roles and mechanistic actions of co-repressor complexes.
2002,
Pubmed
Kress,
The frizzled-related sFRP2 gene is a target of thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 and activates beta-catenin signaling in mouse intestine.
2009,
Pubmed
Lazar,
Thyroid hormone receptors: multiple forms, multiple possibilities.
1993,
Pubmed
Loots,
ECRbase: database of evolutionary conserved regions, promoters, and transcription factor binding sites in vertebrate genomes.
2007,
Pubmed
MACDONALD,
CELL PROLIFERATION AND MIGRATION IN THE STOMACH, DUODENUM, AND RECTUM OF MAN: RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDIES.
1964,
Pubmed
Mangelsdorf,
The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade.
1995,
Pubmed
Matsuda,
Novel functions of protein arginine methyltransferase 1 in thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and in the regulation of metamorphic rate in Xenopus laevis.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Matsuda,
An essential and evolutionarily conserved role of protein arginine methyltransferase 1 for adult intestinal stem cells during postembryonic development.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Matsuura,
Liganded thyroid hormone receptor induces nucleosome removal and histone modifications to activate transcription during larval intestinal cell death and adult stem cell development.
2012,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Meyer,
Reflecting on 25 years with MYC.
2008,
Pubmed
Muncan,
Blimp1 regulates the transition of neonatal to adult intestinal epithelium.
2011,
Pubmed
Nakajima,
Dual mechanisms governing muscle cell death in tadpole tail during amphibian metamorphosis.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Paul,
SRC-p300 coactivator complex is required for thyroid hormone-induced amphibian metamorphosis.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Paul,
Coactivator recruitment is essential for liganded thyroid hormone receptor to initiate amphibian metamorphosis.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Paul,
Tissue- and gene-specific recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator-3 by thyroid hormone receptor during development.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Pei,
Regulation of pluripotency and reprogramming by transcription factors.
2009,
Pubmed
Plateroti,
Involvement of T3Ralpha- and beta-receptor subtypes in mediation of T3 functions during postnatal murine intestinal development.
1999,
Pubmed
Plateroti,
Functional interference between thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRalpha) and natural truncated TRDeltaalpha isoforms in the control of intestine development.
2001,
Pubmed
Plateroti,
Thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 directly controls transcription of the beta-catenin gene in intestinal epithelial cells.
2006,
Pubmed
Rachez,
Mediator complexes and transcription.
2001,
Pubmed
Rachez,
Mechanisms of gene regulation by vitamin D(3) receptor: a network of coactivator interactions.
2000,
Pubmed
Sachs,
Nuclear receptor corepressor recruitment by unliganded thyroid hormone receptor in gene repression during Xenopus laevis development.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sato,
A role of unliganded thyroid hormone receptor in postembryonic development in Xenopus laevis.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Schreiber,
Cell-cell interactions during remodeling of the intestine at metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Schreiber,
Diverse developmental programs of Xenopus laevis metamorphosis are inhibited by a dominant negative thyroid hormone receptor.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Schreiber,
Remodeling of the intestine during metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Shi,
The development of the adult intestinal stem cells: Insights from studies on thyroid hormone-dependent amphibian metamorphosis.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Shi,
Dual functions of thyroid hormone receptors in vertebrate development: the roles of histone-modifying cofactor complexes.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Shi,
Biphasic intestinal development in amphibians: embryogenesis and remodeling during metamorphosis.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Shi,
Genomic organization and alternative promoter usage of the two thyroid hormone receptor beta genes in Xenopus laevis.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Takahashi,
Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.
2006,
Pubmed
Tata,
Gene expression during metamorphosis: an ideal model for post-embryonic development.
1993,
Pubmed
Tomita,
Recruitment of N-CoR/SMRT-TBLR1 corepressor complex by unliganded thyroid hormone receptor for gene repression during frog development.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tsai,
Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members.
1994,
Pubmed
van der Flier,
Stem cells, self-renewal, and differentiation in the intestinal epithelium.
2009,
Pubmed
Wang,
Developmental regulation and function of thyroid hormone receptors and 9-cis retinoic acid receptors during Xenopus tropicalis metamorphosis.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wong,
A role for nucleosome assembly in both silencing and activation of the Xenopus TR beta A gene by the thyroid hormone receptor.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wong,
Coordinated regulation of and transcriptional activation by Xenopus thyroid hormone and retinoid X receptors.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Yen,
Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action.
2001,
Pubmed
Zhang,
The mechanism of action of thyroid hormones.
2000,
Pubmed
