Shan Z et al. (2023), Embryonic and skeletal development of the albin...

XB-ART-59625

J Anat 2023 Jan 28; doi: 10.1111/joa.13835.

Show Gene links Show Anatomy links

Embryonic and skeletal development of the albino African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis).

Shan Z , Li S , Yu C , Bai S , Zhang J , Tang Y , Wang Y , Irwin DM , Li J , Wang Z .

???displayArticle.abstract???
The normal stages of embryonic development for wild-type Xenopus laevis were established by Nieuwkoop and Faber in 1956, a milestone in the history of understanding embryonic development. However, this work lacked photographic images and staining for skeleton structures from the corresponding stages. Here, we provide high-quality images of embryonic morphology and skeleton development to facilitate studies on amphibian development. On the basis of the classical work, we selected the albino mutant of X. laevis as the observation material to restudy embryonic development in this species. The lower level of pigmentation makes it easier to interpret histochemical experiments. At 23°C, albino embryos develop at the same rate as wild-type embryos, which can be divided into 66 stages as they develop into adults in about 58 days. We described the complete embryonic development system for X. laevis, supplemented with pictures of limb and skeleton development that are missing from previous studies, and summarized the characteristics and laws of limb and skeleton development. Our study should aid research into the development of X. laevis and the evolution of amphibians.

???displayArticle.pubmedLink??? 36708289
???displayArticle.pmcLink??? PMC10184547
???displayArticle.link??? J Anat

Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: tec
GO keywords: skeletal system development [+]

???attribute.lit??? ???displayArticles.show???

	FIGURE 1 Adult male and female albino Xenopus laevis. The photograph shows mating by male and female albino Xenopus laevis (with the smaller male above and the female below). White size bar = 2 cm.
	FIGURE 2 Embryonic development of albino Xenopus laevis at stages 1–10. Stage is indicated to the left of a pair of images for each stage: (A1–J1) and (A2–J2). Arrow above in (C1) identifies dorsal blastomeres. Arrow below in (C1) identifies ventral blastomeres. Arrows in (J1, J2) identify the visible blastopore lip. Bar in each image = 1 mm.
	FIGURE 3 Embryonic development at stages 11–20. Stage is indicated to the left of a pair of images for each stage: (A1–J1) and (A2–J2). Arrows indicate: (C1) beginning of the neural plate; (D1) the blastopore is slit shaped; (D2) neural grooves that are elevated; (E2) visible neural folds; (F1) rectangular neural plate; (G1) long triangular anterior neural plate; (H2) parallel neural folds that have not yet touched; (J1) two eye anlagen that have appeared. Bar in each image = 1 mm.
	FIGURE 4 Embryonic development at stages 21–30. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of three images for each stage. (A1–I1) Lateral views of the entire embryo; (A2–I2) dorsal views of the entire embryo; (A3–I3) ventral views of the entire embryo. Arrows indicate: (A2) primary eye vesicles (arrow) and neural tube suture (triangular arrow); (B2) initial groove between gill area and jaw; (B3) cloaca opening; (C1) eyes protrude; (E2) gill area groove; (G1) the tail bud forms an inconspicuous contour on the side; (I1) inner translucent band (arrow) and outer transparent band (triangular arrow). Bar in each image = 1 mm.
	FIGURE 5 Embryonic development at stages 31 to 39. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of three images for each stage. (A1–F1) Lateral views of the entire embryo; (A2–F2) dorsal views of the entire embryo; (A3–F3) ventral views of the entire embryo. (F1) Arrow indicated the 135° angle formed by the proctodeum and the tail. Bar in each image = 1 mm.
	FIGURE 6 Embryonic development at stages 40 to 46. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of three images for each stage. (A1–G1) Lateral views of the entire embryo; (A2–G2) dorsal views of the entire embryo; (A3–G3) ventral views of the entire embryo. (E3) Arrow points to the tentacle rudiment. Bar in each image = 1 mm.
	FIGURE 7 Skeleton staining at stages 40–47. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of a pair of images for each stage. (A1–H1) Dorsal views of the embryo; (A2–H2) ventral views of the embryo. Bar in each image = 1 mm. ba, branchial arches; bhb, basihyobranchial; ch, ceratohyal; cm, Meckel's cartilage; oc, otic capsule; pmpq, processus muscularis palatoquadrati; pq, palatoquadrate; tp, trabecular plate.
	FIGURE 8 Embryonic development at stages 47–50. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of three images for each stage. (A1–D1) Lateral views of the entire embryo; (A2–D2) dorsal views of the entire embryo; (A3–D3) ventral views of the entire embryo. Arrows indicate: (A1) hindlimb bud is visible; (A2) forelimb bud anlagen is visible; (A3) edge of gill cap forms quarter circle. Bar in each image = 2 mm.
	FIGURE 9 Skeleton staining at stages 48–51. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of a pair of images for each stage. (A1–D1) Dorsal views of the entire embryo; (A2–D2) ventral views of the entire embryo. Bar in each image = 1 mm. ch, ceratohyal; ctm, commissura terminalis; exo, external occipital; io, infrarostral; o, occipital; oc, otic capsule; se, sphenethmoid; tec, tentacular cartilage; v, vertebrae.
	FIGURE 10 Embryonic development at stages 51–57. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of five images for each stage. F: Forelimb. H: Hindlimb. (A1–G1) Lateral views of the entire embryo; (A2–G2) dorsal views of the entire embryo; (A3–G3) ventral views of the entire embryo. Bar in each whole embryo image = 1 cm. (A4–G4) Partial view of the forelimb; (A5–G5) partial view of the hindlimb. Bar in each limb image = 1 mm.
	FIGURE 11 Skeleton staining at stages 52–57. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of five images for each stage. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of three images for each stage. (A1–G1) Dorsal views; (A2–G2) partial views of the forelimb. (A3–G3) Partial views of the hindlimb. Arrow indicates ossification. Bar in each image = 1 mm. as, astragalus; ca, calcaneum; cp, carpals; f, femur; fb, fibula; hm, humerus; il, ilium; mc, metacarpals; mt, metatarsals; ph, phalanges; rd, radius; ru, radioulna; tb, tibia; tf, tibiofibula; ts, tarsals; ul, ulna; Arrowheads indicate the location of the initial ossification.
	FIGURE 12 Embryonic development at stages 58–60. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of five images for each stage. F: Forelimb. H: Hindlimb. (A1–C1) Lateral views of the entire embryo; (A2–C2) dorsal views; (A3–C3) ventral views. Bar in each whole-embryo image = 1 cm. (A4–C4) Partial views of the forelimb. (A5–C5) Partial views of the hindlimb. Bar in each limb image = 1 mm.
	FIGURE 13 Skeleton staining at stages 58–60. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of four images for each stage. F: Forelimb. H: Hindlimb. (A1–C1) Dorsal views of the entire embryo; (A2–C2) ventral views. Bar in each whole-embryo image = 1 cm. (A3–C3) Partial views of the forelimb. (A4–C4) Partial views of the hindlimb. Bar in each limb image = 1 mm. cl, clavicle; il, ilium; n, nasal; o, occipital; oc, otic capsule; ss, suprascapula.
	FIGURE 14 Embryonic development at stages 61–66. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of five images for each stage. F: Forelimb. H: Hindlimb. (A1–F1) Lateral views of the entire embryo; (A2–F2) dorsal views; (A3–F3) ventral views. Bar in each whole-embryo image = 1 cm. (A4–F4) Partial views of the forelimb. (A5–F4) Partial views of the hindlimb. Bar in each limb image = 1 mm.
	FIGURE 15 Skeleton staining at stages 61–66. Stage (S) is indicated to the left of four images for each stage. F: Forelimb. H: Hindlimb. (A1–F1) Dorsal views; (A2–F2) ventral views. Bar in each whole embryo image = 1 cm. (A3–F3) Partial views of the forelimb. (A4–F4) Partial views of the hindlimb. Bar in each limb image = 1 mm. an, angulosplenial; cl, clavicle; co, coracoid; d, dentary; fp, frontoparietal; ic, ischium; il, ilium; n, nasal; pmx, premaxilla; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; pu, pubis; q, quadrate; r, rib; sc, scapula; se, sphenethmoid; su, fused sacrourostyle.

References [+] :

Bantle, Phase III interlaboratory study of FETAX. Part 3. FETAX validation using 12 compounds with and without an exogenous metabolic activation system. 1999, Pubmed, Xenbase