Figure 4: CaD-MO disrupted the expression of neural crest genes at tailbud stages. Embryos receiving control-MO or CaD-MO (10 ng) in one cell at the two-cell stage were collected at tailbud stages and analyzed for neural crest gene expression by in situ hybridization. The injected side for each embryo is marked by an asterisk and the control side of the same embryo is placed below serving as internal control. Whereas control-MO did not affect the expression of general neural crest markers twist and sox10 or the third branchial arch marker EphA4, the expression of all three genes was disrupted by CaD-MO (arrows). Marker analysis suggests that neural crest cells failed to extend into the lateral portion of the branchial arches and to separate into clear streams in the cases of twist and sox10. Simultaneous injection of CaD (100â200 pg) rescued the expression of neural crest genes. All embryos were oriented with anterior to the left and dorsal up.
Image published in: Nie S et al. (2011)
© 2011 Nie et al. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license
| Gene | Synonyms | Species | Stage(s) | Tissue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| twist1.S | twist, twist1-a, twist1-b, X-twi, Xtwi, Xtwist | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 24 | neural crest cranial neural crest branchial arch pharyngeal arch mandibular arch hyoid arch |
| sox10.L | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 26 | neural crest cranial neural crest branchial arch pharyngeal arch mandibular arch hyoid arch | |
| epha4.S | eph-a4, epha4-a, epha4-b, hek8, Pag, Pagliaccio, rtk1, sek, sek-1, tyr01, XEpha4 | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 26 | branchial arch branchial crest |
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