Figure 3. Harmonic dyad ratios are specific to, and highly conserved within, each Xenopus clade (blue: Clade A, green: Clade L; red: Clade M).(A) Each sound pulse in an advertisement call includes two dominant frequencies (DFs). Top: Spectrogram of multiple sound pulses in a X. amieti (A clade) advertisement call. Middle: multiple sound pulses in a X. petersii (L clade) advertisement call. Bottom: One sound pulse in a X. borealis (M clade) advertisement call. (B) Phylogenetic relationships of Xenopus species in this study. Clades and the DF2/DF1 ratios are: 1.33 (blue, A clade), 1.21–1.26 (green, L clade), and 2.0 (red, M clade). X. allofraseri (black) sound pulses are harmonic stacks. X. laevis South Africa (purple) and X. wittei (black) sound pulses are exceptions to their species group ratios. The ploidy level (number of chromosomes) is in parentheses; the DF2/DF1 (dyad) ratio for individual male calls for each species is indicated by a unique combination of symbol and color (B–E). The value of the lower dominant frequency (DF1; C) and the higher dominant frequency (DF2; D) respectively, in advertisement call sound pulses across Xenopus. (E) Harmonic dyad ratios fall into three major bands, one for each clade.
Image published in: Kwong-Brown U et al. (2019)
© 2019, Kwong-Brown et al. Creative Commons Attribution license
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